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1Madagascar: Sanctions Result in Economic Decline and Food InsecurityMadagasikara: Sazy Mitondra Mankamin'ny Fitontonganan'ny Toe-karena Sy Tsy Fanjarian-Tsakafo
2In recent years Madagascar has experienced a slow, seemingly unstoppable decline of its fragile economy, that has put a strain on the lives of millions of Malagasy citizens.Tato anatin'ny taona vitsy dia niaina fitontonganana misoko mangina ny toe-karen'i Madagasikara, izay efa marefo rahateo, miantraika mafy amin'ny fiainan'ireo vahoaka Malagasy an-tapitrisany izany.
3After two and a half years under the administration of the transitional government of Andry Rajoelina (half a presidential mandate), the economy has been ranked worst in the world by Forbes magazine; thousands have lost their jobs and a food crisis is looming in the southern region of the country.Roa taona sy tapany teo ambany fitantanan'ny governemantan'i Andry Rajoelina (antsasaky ny fe-potoana ara-dalàna ho anà filoham-pirenena), ratsy indrindra eran-tany no nanakilasian'ny gazetiboky Forbes ny toe-kareny; an'aliny no very asa ary mananontanona ny tapany atsimon'ny firenena ny olana ara-tsakafo.
4Food crises in the region have been recurrent over the past decade, but an independent United Nations expert has warned that the sanctions imposed on Madagascar have made the situation untenable from a food security standpoint. Madagascar rice fields.Efa ampolo-taonany mahery no zara raha homana ny tany amin'ity faritra ity, saingy manampahaizana iray avy amin'ny Firenena Mikambana no nampandre fa ny sazy nampiharina amin'ny Madagasikara no vao mainka nahatonga ny toe-draharaha ho tsy azo iainana raha resaka fiahiana ara-tsakafo.
5Image by Flickr user Luc Legay (CC BY-SA 2.0).Tanimbary ao Madagasikara. sary an'ilay mpampiasa Flickr, Luc Legay (CC BY-SA 2.0).
6A prolonged crisisOlana mitarazoka
7It has been 30 months since Rajoelina, a former mayor and Malagasy advertising/media mogul, took power in Madagascar by means of a military coup in 2009; this move prompted immediate sanctions from most of the international community*.30 volana izao i Andry Rajoelina, ben'ny tanàna teo aloha ary tomponà orinasa Malagasy fanaovana dokam-barotra sy media, no naka ny fitondràna an'i Madagasikara tamin'ny alàlan'ny fanonganam-panjakana miaramila tamin'ny 2009; io hetsika io dia niteraka avy hatrany sazy avy amin'ny ankamaroan'ny fiarahamonina iraisam-pirenena.
8These sanctions are having a disastrous impact on food security, argues Olivier De Schutter, the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food:Nisy fiantraikany ratsy be teo amin'ny fiarovana ara-tsakafo ireny sazy ireny, hoy i Olivier De Schutter, iraka manokan'ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Zo ara-tsakafo:
9“The result is that Madagascar today has one of the highest levels of child malnutrition in the world, with levels comparable to those of Afghanistan or Yemen,” he stated.“Ny vokany dia i Madagasikara izao no manana taha ambony indrindra amin'ny zaza tsy ampy sakafo maneran-tany, taha azo ampitahaina amin'ireo misy ao Afghanistan na Yemen,” hoy ny teniny.
10[..] the decision to suspend Madagascar from the African Growth and Opportunities Act by the United States has cost at least 50,000 jobs in the textile sector, which had accounted for half of Madagascar's exports.[..] ny fanapahan-kevitra hampiato an'i Madagasikara tao amin'ny ” African Growth and Opportunities Act” na AGOA avy amin'ny Etazonia dia nosandaina fahaverezan'asa 50.000 raha kely teo amin'ny sehatry ny fanenoman-damba, izay manome ny antsasaky ny fanondranana entana avy ao Madagasikara.
11In addition, the European Union has halted programmes that were ready to be signed before the political crisis, suspending all development aid channelled through the Government.Fanampin'izany, naaton'ny Fiombonambe Eraopeana ireo fandaharan'asa niandry fanasoniavana talohan'ny olana politika, nampihantona koa ny fanampiana rehetra ho an'ny fampandrosoana mandalo amin'ny governemanta.
12Renowned economist and aid observer at Aid Watchers, William Easterly, argued similarly a year ago about the sanctions affecting the poor and missing their intended targets, the people in power:Ilay mpahay toe-karena fanta-daza sady mpanara-maso ny fanampiana ao amin'ny Aid Watchers, William Easterly, dia niteny tsy misy hafa amin'izany herintaona lasa izay mikasika ireo sazy miantraika amin'ireo mahantra sy tsy tonga amin'izay tena tanjona nokinendriny, ireo olona eo amin'ny fitondràna:
13Multiple critics have protested ever since the US government, hoping to force President Andry Rajoelina's questionable government to hold elections, first threatened to remove preferential trading rights for Madagascar.Maro ireo mpanakiana nanao fanoherana vantany vao nanambana ny hanàla ny fifanarahana ara-barotra manome tombon-dahiny an'i Madagasikara ny governemanta Amerikana mba hanerena ny governemanta mahabe resak'i Andry Rajoelina hampanao fifidianana.
14The Malagasy textile industry was a clear success story of the US African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), which removed US quotas and duties from thousands of products from eligible African countries.Ny indostrian'ny lamba Malagasy dia tantara velon'ny firoboroboan'ny “African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)” Amerikana, izay nanafoana ny fatra azo alefa any Etazonia sy ny haba amin'ireo vokatra an'arivony avy amin'ireo firenena Afrikana.
15Madagascar's exports tripled in the first three years of the program, and the textile sector, which made up 60 percent of Malagasy exports, accounted directly for 50,000 jobs and indirectly at least 100,000 more. [..]Tonga avo telo heny ny fanondranana entan'i Madagasikara nandritra ny taona telo voalohany tamin'ilay fandaharan'asa, ary ny sehatry ny fanenoman-damba, izay manome ny 60 amin'ny fanondranana ataon'ny Malagasy, dia namorona asa mivantana 50.000 sy tsy mivantana eo amin'ny 100.000 eo ho eo. [..]
16Now we are starting to see the effects in the formal and informal economy: Factories closing and factory jobs lost: “factories are laying off workers and we are seeing an explosion in the numbers of unemployed,” [..] ‘I used to be able to earn 20,000 ariary ($9.30) a day,' said Soloniaina Rasoarimanana, who has been selling clothes from a pavement stall for 10 years.Manomboka mahita ny vokatr'izany amin'ny toe-karena manara-dalàna sy tsy manara-dalàna isika izao: Ozinina manakatom-baravarana sy fahaverezan'asa amin'ireo orinasa: “mandroaka mpiasa ireo orinasa ary hitantsika mitombo be ny isan'ireo tsy an'asa” [..] ‘Zatra nahazo 20.000 ariary ($9.30) isan'andro aho,' hoy i Soloniaina Rasoarimanana, izay nivarotra akanjo teny amoron-dàlana efa ho 10 taona.
17‘Now, with the political crisis and more competition, I earn around 5,000 ariary ($2.30) a day.'” [..]‘Ankehitriny, noho ny olana ara-politika sy ny fitombon'ny fifaninanana, manodidina ny 5.000 ariary ($2.30) isan'andro no azoko.'” [..]
18Among the effects we are NOT seeing: signs of increased interest in arriving at a power-sharing agreement or instating democratic governance on the part of Rajoelina's government.Anisan'ny takaitra TSY hatan'ny masontsika: ny mariky ny fisongan'ny fieritreretan'ny goveremantan'i Andry Rajoelina hiditra amin'ny fitondràna iaraha-mitantana na fametrahana fitantanana demaokratika.
19Malagasy blogger Ndimby adds to the list of detrimental effect of the sanctions [fr]:Manampy ny lisitr'ireo voka-dratsin”ny sazy [fr] ilay bialogera Malagasy, Ndimby :
20Moreover, many companies are suffocating because of the crisis but also because of alleged “tax recovery measures” by the administration that seems to obey a Russian roulette logic rather than an actual rational justification.Fanampin'izany, betsaka ny orinasa sempotry noho ny olana (krizy), nefa koa noho ny filazàna “fanavaozana ny fepetra famorian-ketra” nataon'ny sampan-draharahana misahana izany, izay toa manaraka ny fomba ‘roulette russe' fa tsy ny tena lalan-jotra marina tokony ho izy.
21[Note: The “tax recovery measures” are a well-known scheme that aim to punish companies that are not favoured by the government] The impoverishment of the general population is a reality and its victims are forced into the informal sector to make ends meet.[Fanamarihana: ny “fanavaozana ny fepetra famorian-ketra” dia tetika efa malaza hanafaizana ireo orinasa tsy miandany amin'ny governemanta] Ny fampahantrana ny sarambabem-bahoaka dia zava-misy ary ireo voadonan'izany dia voatery miditra amin'ny sehatra tsy manara-dalàna mba hiantohana ny isam-bolany.
22The increase in street vendors is the first evidence of that.Ny firongatry ny mpivarotra amoron-dalàna no porofo voalohany indrindra maneho izany.
23The second evidence is the increase in the newspapers of advertisement for “massage parlors” that offers all kinds of services, which do their bit to reduce female unemployment.Ny porofo faharoa dia ny fitombon'ny dokambarotra an-gazety momba ny karazan-tolotra aroso amin'ireny “trano fanorana” ireny, izay manao izay ho afany amin'ny fampihenana ny tsy fananan'ny vehivavy asa.
24Increasing prostitution has been documented in detail by IRIN News, which has shown an important increase in young girls trying to pay for school fees.Ny firoborobon'ny fivarotan-tena dia velabelarina amin'ny antsipirihany ao amin'ny IRIN News, izay ahitàna fiakaran'ny isan'ireo ankizivavy kely miezaka mandoa ny saram-pianarany.
25The testimony below of Nadine, 16, tells of her daily life:Ny fijoroana vavolombelona etsy ambany, Nadine, 16 taona, dia milaza ny andavanandrom-piainany:
26[Nadine's ambition] is to open a clothes boutique after completing a college course in textile design, but in the meantime, along with eight of her friends, she has turned to sex work to pay her tuition fees.[Nofinofin'i Nadine] ny hanokatra fivarotana akanjo rehefa avy mahavita ny fianarana fohy arahany amin'ny resaka famoronana endrika eo amin'ny sehatra zaitra, saingy mandritra izany, miaraka amin'ny namany valo hafa, nirona any amin'ny fivarotan-tena izy handoavany ny saram-pianarany.
27Charging up to US$7 a time, she works in the poor Antananarivo suburb of 67 Hectares.Ampandoaviny US$7 ny indray mandeha, any amin'ny faritra mahantra ao Antananarivo, eny 67Ha eny izy no miasa.
28[..] “Most of them [my friends] are like me; they are looking after their parents [through sex work]”, she said. [..][..] “Ny ankabeazan-dry zareo [ireo namako] dia toa ahy; miadidy ny ray aman-dreniny ry zareo [amin'ny alàlan'ny fivarotan-tena]”, hoy izy. [..]
29Miroarisoa Rakotoarivelo, head of the Groupe Développement Madagascar, said a recent survey of 129 sex workers indicated a growing number of children among them.Miroarisoa Rakotoarivelo, mpitarika ny Groupe Développement Madagascar, niteny tanaty fandalinana iray vao haingana natao tamina mpivaro-tena 129 dia nilaza fa miakatra be ny isan'ireo zaza tsy ampy taona amin'izy ireny.
30“It's increased, and the proof I can give you is the January-April 2011 statistics we've got,” she told IRIN, adding that almost half of the sex workers sampled were under 18.“Miakatra be izy io, ary ny porofo azoko omena anareo dia ny antontan'isa Janoary-Aprily 2011 azonay,” hoy izy mantsy ny IRIN, nampiana tamin'ny hoe saika ny antsasak'ireo mpivaro-tena voatsonga no latsaky ny 18 taona.
31Any solutions on the horizon?Misy vahaolana manangasanga ve?
32The transitional government was set up to prepare for transparent elections.Napetraka hikarakara fifidianana madio ny governemanta tetezamita.
33It has been two years now and a definite deadline is yet to be settled for the electoral calendar.Roa taona izao no lasa ary mbola ifampitadiavana foana ny fametrahana ny datin'androm-pifidianana:
34Rivonala Razafison states that: The mediation team insists that the polls cannot go ahead since President Andry Rajoelina's administration is yet to implement conditions set out in a political roadmap that SADC submitted early this year to end the country's political crisis.Ny vondrona mpanelanelana mandindry ny hoe sty mbola azo tao ny fandatsaham-bato raha mbola tsy tanteraky ny Fitantanana Andry Rajoelina ny fepetra tao anaty tondrozotra napetraky ny SADC tany ampiandohan'ity taona ity ho fampitsaharana ny olana politika eo amin'ny firenena.
35The roadmap presented by SADC mediator Leonardo Simao recommended the departure from office of anyone intending to vie in the elections.Ilay tondrozotra natolotr'ilay mpanelanelan'ny SADC, Leonardo Simao, dia manome soso-kevitra amin'ny hialàn'izay rehetra mihevitra ny hirotsaka hofidiana amin'ny asany.
36This rubbed Mr Rajoelina the wrong way [..]Nampangidihidy an'Ing Rajoelina izany [..]
37He claims that the earlier roadmap was already in effect, thus other conditions should not be added.Milaza izy fa efa nampiharina ilay tondrozotra teo aloha, noho izany tsy misy fepetra hafa tokony hanampy azy intsony.
38In November, the country approved a new constitution that lowered the minimum age limit for a presidential candidate, allowing the incumbent, now 36, to run.Ny Novambra, nandany lalampanorenana vaovao ny firenena izay nampidina ny taona farany ambany ho an'izay te-hilatsaka hofidiana ho filoha, izay mamela azy rehefa miala eo, 36 ankehitriny, ho afaka hirotsaka.
39A solution is yet to be found from an economic standpoint as well.Mila mitady vahaolana ara-toekarena ihany koa.
40Even more worrisome, land deals that were a trigger point for overthrowing former president Ravalomanana are now back in full force, as the government has leased out lands for 50 years to India at $15 per acre per year.Mbola zavatra mampiahiahy koa, ny raharaha momba ny tany azo volena izay teboka iray isan'ny nanonganana ny filoha teo aloha Ravalomanana no miverina amin-kery ankehitriny, satria ny governemanta dia nampanofa tany mandritra ny 50 taona amin'ny India amin'ny sanda $37 isaky ny hektara ny taona iray.
41Land deals are at the center of Malagasy citizens' worries, as evictions of farmers from arable lands are on the rise.Eo afovoan'ny zava-manahirana ny vahoaka Malagasy ny raharahan-tany, raha mbola mitombo hatrany kosa ny fanesorana ny tantsaha amin'ireo tany mamokatra.
42Famed singer Bekoto and activist for the cause of Malagasy farmers has proposed a new paradigm to address the plight of the farmers [fr].Bekoto, mpihira malaza sady mafàna fo amin'ny fiarovana ny zon'ny tantsaha Malagasy dia nanolotra sarinteny iray hamaliana ny fitarainan'ireo tantsaha [fr].
43He argues that new technologies ought to be used by farmers to inform the media of forced evictions from their lands by the authorities and as a negotiation tool for their rights to access food and work the lands they live on.Manamafy izy fa mila mampiasa ny teknolojia vovao ireo tantsaha mba hampahafantarana ny mpampiely vaovao mikasika ny fanesorana an-kerisetra azy ireo amin'ny taniny ataon'ny manampahefana ary ho fitaovana fifampiraharahàna hiadiany ny zony hanana sakafo sy hiasa ny taniny onenan-dry zareo.
44De Schutter suggests that a solution to the food crisis can be found locally:
45We know that the system of intensive rice cultivation, a pure Malagasy invention, allows to double, triple or even quadruple yields.Manome soso-kevitra i De Schutter fa hoe ny vahaolana iray amin'ny olana ara-tsakafo dia eo an-toerana ihany no hahitàna azy:
46[…] A national strategy to support this type of ecological production could make the large island self-sufficient in rice in thee years.Fantatsika fa ny fomba fambolena vary maro anaka, fomba izay ny Malagasy no namorona azy, dia ahafahana mampitombo ho avo roa heny, telo heny na efatra heny ny vokatra.
47On the political side, Ndimby argues that only elections can provide an exit to the crisis and the alleviation of the economic sanctions.[…] Tetikadim-pirenena iray ho fanohanana io karazana fomba famokarana iray miaro ny tontolo iainana io dia mety hahatonga fahavitan-tena ara-bary ho an'ny Nosy manontolo ao anatin'ny telo taona.
48He adds that a firm single presidential mandate [fr] needs to be added to the conditions for the upcoming elections.Eo amin'ny lafiny politika, Ndimby milaza fa ny fifidianana tokana ihany no lalan-kivoahana amin'ny olana ary ny fanamaivanana ireo sazy ara-toekarena.
49This would help ensure that the elections will provide the concrete basis for a sustainable democracy.Manampy izy fa ilaina atsofoka ao anatin'ny fepetran'ireo fifidianana ho avy ny hoe fotoam-pitondrana indray mandeha tsy avaozina[fr].
50*Addendum: As described in Global Voices at length in previous articles, the undemocratic power seizure by Andry Rajoelina is the direct cause of the withdrawal of AGOA and MCA agreements in Madagascar.
51It is important to note that the direct US aid in Madagascar has increased ($85 million USD in 2010) and tops contribution for any other country.
52Only non-humanitarian assistance and direct assistance to the Government of Madagascar have been suspended by the US government.Mety mba hiantoka ny fametrahana fototra mafy ho anà fifidianana demaokratika sy maharitra izany .