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1 | Mozambique: Portuguese, the Language of Mozambicanness | Mozambika: Portiogey, ho tenin'ny Mozambikana |
2 | This post is part of our special coverage Languages and the Internet. | |
3 | This May 5 in Maputo, Mozambique, the Day of the Portuguese Language and Culture, of the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP), was celebrated. | Ny 5 May tao Maputo, Mozambika, no nankalazan'ireo vondrom-pirenena miteny Portiogey [Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP)] ny andron'ny teny sy ny kolontsaina. |
4 | One of the great contemporary writers in the Portuguese language, and the most well-known of Mozambican origin, Mia Couto, thinks that after 36 years of independence, with about 40% speaking Portuguese, “only one of the nations of Mozambique lives in the ‘lusophone' world,” and he argued [pt] in 2001 that “Portuguese is not the language of Mozambicans. | Amin'i Mia Coutoiay, iray amin'ireo mpanoratra malaza ankehitriny amin'ny teny Portiogey sy fanta-daza manam-piaviana razambe mozambikana, dia mihevitra fa taorian'ny 36 taona nahazoana ny fahaleovantena, dia zara raha ny 40% ihany no miteny Portiogey, iray monja amin'ireo fanjakana ao Mozambika no mponina any amin'ny tontolo miteny Portiogey , ary nanamafy [pt] koa izy fa tamin'ny taona 2001 “ny teny Portiogey dia tsy tenin'ny mozambikana akory. |
5 | But it is however the language of Mozambicanness”. | Nefa na izany aza dia io no teny nampiasain'ireo Mozambika”. |
6 | "Não ao estigma!" | "Não ao estigma!" |
7 | (No to stigma!) A bilingual mural in Nampula. | (No to stigma!) sary amin'ny rindrina natao amin'ny tenim-pirenena roa ao Nampula. |
8 | Photo by Rosino on FLickr (CC BY-SA 2.0) | Sary an'i Rosino ao amin'ny FLickr (CC BY-SA 2.0) |
9 | Instrument of domination or trophy of independence? | Fitaovana fanjakazakana sa amboara ho an'ny fahaleovantena? |
10 | If in 1975, almost 80% of Mozambicans did not speak Portuguese, more Portuguese is spoken today in Mozambique than at the time of independence. | Raha tamin'ny 1975, teo ho eo amin'ny 80%-n'ny Mozambikana no tsy nisy niteny Portiogey, dia efa nihamaro ny miteny Portiogey ankehitriny ao Mozambika mitaha amin'ny fotoana nahazoana ny fahaleovantena. |
11 | Thirty years ago, the Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO), still an anti-colonial guerrilla insurgency, saw the European language as a weapon with which to unify the country and construct the Nation. | Telopolo taona lasa izay, ny Liberation Front of Mozambique na (FRELIMO), izay mpiady anaty akata nanohitra ny fanjanahana, dia nahatsapa fa ny teny Eoropeana dia azo atao ho fitaovam-piadiana hampiombonana ny tanàna sy handrafetana firenena iray. |
12 | The instrument that served for colonial domination would be converted, in the hands of the nationalists, to its opposite - a trophy of independence, an affirmation. | Ny fitaovana nampiasaina hanjakazakan'ny mpanjanaka dia tokony hivadika, eny an-tanan'ireo tia tanindrazana, ho zavatra mifanohitra amin'izany - amboara ho an'ny fahaleovantena, antoka iray izany. |
13 | In a series of blog entries on Moçambique para Todos (Mozambique for all) [pt], on the book “Descolonização e Independência em Moçambique - Factos e Argumentos” (“Decolonization and Independence in Mozambique - Facts and Arguments”) by Henrique Terreiro Galha, revolutionary leader and the first president of Mozambique Samora Machel is quoted [pt] at the end of 1975, in a rally in the Stadium of Machava, in then Lourenço Marques (today the city of Maputo): | Tamin'ireo andiana fampidiran-dahatsoratra tamin'ny blaogy Moçambique para Todos (Mozambique ho an'ny rehetra) [pt], ao amin'ny boky “Descolonização e Independência em Moçambique - Factos e Argumentos” (“Ady amin'ny Fanjanahana sy Fahaleovantena tao Mozambika - Tranga sy Tohan-kevitra”) nosoratan'i Henrique Terreiro Galha, mpitarika ny fiovana lehibe ary filoha voalohan'i Mozambika Samora Mache dia voatanisa [pt] tamin'ny faran'ny taona 1975, tamin'ny fivoriam-bahoaka tao an-kianjan'ny Machava, izay nanjary Lourenço Marques (tanan-dehiben'i Maputo ankehitriny): |
14 | others will say but the language is still Portuguese. | Ny sasany mety hiteny saingy ny teny dia teny Portiogey hatrany. |
15 | It is necessary to use the language of the enemy. | Tsara raha ampiasaina ny tenin'ny fahavalo. |
16 | The Portuguese language has now changed its content, it is no longer that Portuguese spoken by the Governor of Mozambique. | Niova ny vontoatin'ny teny Portiogey ankehitriny; tsy ilay fiteny Portiogey nitenenan'ny Governora Mozambikana azy intsony. |
17 | It must be our Portuguese, of Mozambican people. | Amin'izao manana ny teny Portiogey-nay izahay, izay tenin'ny vahoaka Mozambikana rehetra, |
18 | Galha adds [pt]: | Galha manampy hoe [pt]: |
19 | Portuguese was the only vehicle of communication among the different ethnicities. | Ny teny Portiogey no hany fitaovan-tserasera niarahan'ny foko samihafa nampiasa. |
20 | It was a difficult decision, taken against our will. | Tena fanapahan-kevitra sarotra tokoa satria nifanohatra tamin'ny filànay izany. |
21 | In a seminar that took place in Mocuba (Zambezia), at the beginning of 1975, with the presence of Joaquim Chissano “the need to transform the Portuguese language, from an instrument of depersonalization and oppression, to a vehicle of communication of the People” was highlighted and repeated, as a task of the grupos dinamizadores [grassroots groups formed at Independence]. | Tamin'ny seminera natao tao Mocuba (Zambezia), tany amin'ny fiandohan'ny taona 1975, izay natrehan'i filoha Joaquim Chissano “ny ilàna ny fanovàna ny teny Portiogey, avy amin'ny maha fitaovana famotehana ny maha izy azy ny tena sy ny maha fitaovam-pamoretana azy hanjary ho fitaovan-tseraseram-bahoaka ” dia nasongadina sy naverina nodinihana indray izay, nosahanin'ny grupos dinamizadores [vondrona ifotony niforona tamin'ny fahaleovantena]. |
22 | A warning sign in Zambezia "Beware of the 'N'gona' crocodile. | Takelaby fampitandremana ao Zambezia "Tandremo ny voaibe 'N'gona' . |
23 | Image by Jornal @Verdade. | Sary avy amin'ny Jornal @Verdade. |
24 | A particular Portuguese | Portiogey amin'ny endriny hafa |
25 | While the existing data [pt] show that the majority of Mozambicans communicate using 43 national languages [pt], the Portuguese language is considered one of the elements of national unity. | Araka ny tahirin-kevitra ananana [pt] manambara fa ny ankamaroan'ny serasera mozambikana dia mampiasa tenindreny 43 [pt], ny teny Portiogey dia rasina ho toy ny antoka iray ho amin'ny fampiraisam-pirenana. |
26 | According to Mia Couto [pt], “the Mozambican government did more for the Portuguese language than centuries of colonization (…) its own national interest, to defend national cohesion, for the construction of its own interiority.” | Amin'i Mia Couto [pt], ” ny ezaka nataon'ny governemanta Mozambikana momba ny teny portiogey dia maro ampitahaina amin'ny taonjato maron'ny fanjanahantany(…) ny tombontsoam-pirenena, fiarovana ny firaisankinam-pirenena ary ny fanarenam-pirenena.” |
27 | In a debate hosted by the Brazil-Mozambique Cultural Center for May 5, the Minister of Culture, Armando Artur, reaffirmed [pt] that the Portuguese language is part of Mozambique's linguistic patrimony, living along side national languages: | Tamin'ilay adihevitra nataon'ny Foibe ara-Kolotsaina Brezila-Mozambika tamin'ny 5 May, ny Ministra ny kolotsaina, Armando Artur, nanamafy [pt] fa ny teny Portiogey dia anisan'ireo vakoka ara-teny ho an'ny Mozambika , mipetraka ho tenim-pirenena: |
28 | With the advent of Independence, the language's prestige was strengthened with its adoption as an element of National Unity, starting as such, to trumpet its status of the official language of Mozambique. | Hatramin'ny niavian'ny fahaleovantena, dia nihanatanjaka ny lanjan'ilay teny tamin'ny nananganana azy ho singa manamafy ny firaisam-pirenena, nanomboka tamin'izay, namafisina koa ny satany ho teny ofisialy ao Mozambika. |
29 | Artur, member of government and Mozambican writer, added that increasingly, Mozambicans are appropriating the Portuguese language through a process of interaction with national languages, lending it unique aspects, resulting in the consubstantiation of new words and expressions. | Artur, mpikambana ao amin'ny governemanta sy Mozambikana mpanoratra, dia nanambara fa tsy nitsaha-niakatra izany, ankahasitrahan'ny Mozambikana ny teny Portiogey ary mifaningotra tsara amin'ny tenim-pirenen-dry zareo izany, noho ny fisian'ny fitsipi-pitenenana sy tsipelina tokana ananan'ny teny Portiogey na amin'ny teny vaovao na fomba amam-piteny |
30 | However this element of Unity is questioned by a number of sectors in society. | Na izany aza, ity singa mampiray ny firenena ity dia mahakasika ny seha-piarahamonina rehetra. |
31 | In 2009, in a comment on the blog Moçambique para Todos, Elísio Fonseca pointed out [pt]: | Tamin'ny 2009, tao tamin'ilay adihevitra tao amin'ilay blaogy Moçambique para Todos,, Elísio Fonseca dia nisintona ny sain'ny olona [pt]: |
32 | The expression "wandering outside is maningue risky" means "to betray is very risky." | Ny fiteny hoe "maningue mampidi-doza ny mivezivezy any ivelany " dia midika hoe "mampidi-doza ny mamadika." |
33 | Maningue is a typically Mozambican word which means "very" and comes from "many" in English. | Ny hoe Maningue moa dia teny Mozambikana madio rano midika hoe "tena" avy amin'ny tena anglisy hoe"many" . |
34 | All the countries that border Mozambique have English as an official language. | Ny firenena rehetra mifanolo-bodi-rindrana amin'i Mozambika dia mampiasa ny tena anglisy ho teny ofisialy avokoa. |
35 | Image by Amanda Rossi, used with permission. | Sary nataon'i Amanda Rossi, nampiasaina miaraka amin'ny fanomezan-dàlana |
36 | In the name of national unity, our government smothered our culture, disdaining the teaching of languages, attacking all our cultural values. | Amin'ny anaran'ny firaisam-pirenena, nosemporin'ny governementanay ny kolotsainay, tsy noraharahaina ny fampianarana ny tenim-pirenena, nisetrasetràna ny hasin'ny kolotsainay. |
37 | There are linguists who consider this a grave error. | Nisy mpandinika momba ny teny nilaza fa fahadisoana bevava izany. |
38 | For them, the capacity of an adolescent Mozambican to learn a foreign language, be it Portuguese or English, can be measured by his or her ability to speak well in a native tongue. | Ho an-dry zareo ireo, ny fahazoan'ny adolantsento Mozambikana mianatra teny vahiny, na Portiogey izany na Anglisy, dia samy refesina amin'ny fahalaman'ny vavany miteny ilay teny toy ny hoe tenin-dreniny. |
39 | Without this solid foundation, they argue, [learning a foreign tongue] becomes more difficult. | Raha tsy misy izay fototra mafy izay, hoy ry zareo manamafy, mety hananosarotra [ny mianatra ny teny vahiny]. |
40 | But this error was made, and today it is reflected in the level of Portuguese spoken in many groups in our society. | Saingy natao ihany izany fahadisoana izany, ary ankehitriny taratra amin'ny lentan'ny fiteny ny Portiogey eny anaty vondrona samihafa eo amin'ny fiarahamoninay izany. |
41 | Max Coutinho, of the blog Etnias (Ethnicities) [pt], gives an example of a “recurrent imprecision” which reflects this “level” mentioned by Fonseca in the use of the official language: | Max Coutinho, ao amin'ny blogy Etnias (Filazàm-poko) [pt], manome ohatra amin'ny “tohitohin-tandra-metaka” izay itarafana ny “lenta” lazain'i Fonseca amin'ny fampiasàna ny teny ofisialy: |
42 | Citizens of Maputo, both at home and abroad, confuse the verbs Ir (To go) (to transport oneself from one place to another to stay there; to distance oneself) and Vir (To come) (to transport oneself towards here) | Ireo terak'i Maputo, na ny eto an-toerana, na ireo any ivelany, dia samy manafangaro ny matoanteny Ir (Mandeha) (Miala amin'ny toerana iray misy ilay miteny ho amin'ny toerana iray hafa mba honina any; mihataka) ary ny Vir (Tonga) (mikisaka mamonjy ny toerana misy ilay miteny). |
43 | Fátima Ribeiro, with a degree in Language and Modern Literature, comments [pt]: | Fátima Ribeiro, manana diplaoma amin'ny Teny sy ny Literatiora Maoderina, mitsikera [pt]: |
44 | Portuguese spoken in Mozambique is different than how it is spoken in other Portuguese speaking countries. | Ny teny Portiogey tenenina ao Mozambika dia samihafa amin'ny itenenan'ireo firenen-kafa miteny Portiogey. |
45 | We are constructing our own Portuguese that has a number of influences from our various mother tongues and also from English. | Namorona ny teny Portiogey ho anay manokana izahay izay avy amin'ireo tenindreny maro anananay sy avy amin'ny teny anglisy koa. |
46 | It is a Portuguese that, in terms of vocabulary, grammar and structure, is naturally different. | Teny Portiogey ihany saingy misy tsy fitoviany eo amin'ny lafiny voambolana, fitsipika ary rafitra. |
47 | The decision to ratify the Orthographic Accord, which is meant to unify Portuguese spoken in the countries that use it as an official language, has been analyzed for more than two years. | Ny fanapahan-kevitra hanamafy ny Fifanarahana Iombonana amin'ny Fomba Fanoratra, izay midika fanakambanana ny teny Portiogey tenenina any amin'ireo firenena mampiasa azy ho teny ofisialy, dia nofakafakaina nandritra ny roa taona mahery. |
48 | In the blogosphere, many question if it is “worth it to spend US$111 million to change a language”, like Eduardo Quive, of the blog Quivismo, in an in-depth report [pt] about the debate on May 5. | Eo amin'ny tontolon'ny blaogy, maro ny fanontaniana mipetraka raha “mendrika hosandaina 111 tapitrisa dolara amerikana ny famovàna ny teny”, toan'i Eduardo Quive, ao amin'ny blaogy Quivismo, ao aminà tatitra lalina iray [pt] mahakasika ilay adihevitra tamin'ny 5 May . |
49 | At the same time, in recent years, Mozambique has started to introduce national languages into the education system for the educational development in the country. | Fa niaraka tamin'izay koa, tato anatin'ny taona vitsy, nanomboka nampiditra ny tenindreny ho ao amin'ny rafi-panabeazana sy rafi-pampandrosoa ny fireneny i Mozambika. |
50 | Presently, there are 300 schools teaching in two languages and there 16 other national languages being tested. | Ankehitriny, eo amin'ny 300 eo ho eo ny sekoly mampianatra amin'ny teny roa, ary misy tenindreny 16 hafa no anaovana andrana. |
51 | On the Portuguese language and other languages spoken along side Portuguese, also read the following articles that Global Voices published in 2011: | Amin'ny teny Portiogey sy ireo teny hafa tenenina ankoatra ny Portiogey, vakio koa ireto lahatsoratra manaraka ireto izay navoakan'ny Global Voices tamin'ny 2011: |