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1 | Brazilian Immigration Policy Faces New Challenges | Miatrika Fanamby Vaovao Ny Politikam-Pifindra-monina Breziliana |
2 | Whereas the subject has long been debated in Europe and the USA, the issue of immigration has only recently gained prominence in Brazil. | Raha efa ela no niadian-kevitra tany Eoropa sy Etazonia ity resaka ity dia vao haingana kosa vao niha-nalaza ny lohahevitra momba ny fifindra-monina mankany Brezila. |
3 | Known until recently as a country of emigrants, this new reality which the country has been experiencing in recent years poses a series of new challenges, with clear impacts on the economy, foreign policy and the law, for which both Brazilian society and government must urgently prepare themselves if predictions of Brazil's rise on the global scene become reality. | Efa fantatra ho firenena mpandray vahiny mandra-pahatonga ny fotoana vitsivitsy izay, ny zavamisy vaovao izay niainan'ny firenena tao anatin'ny fotoana vitsivitsy izay no mametraka fanamby vaovao indray, ahitana fiantraikany mazava eo amin'ny toekarena, politika ivelany ary ny lalàna, izay tsy maintsy iomanan'ny fiaraha-monina sy ny fitondrana Breziliana haingana raha mivaingana ho marina ny tombana hiakaran'i Brezila eo amin'ny sehatra manerantany. |
4 | The Brazil of immigrants and emigrants Like all the European ex-colonies in America, Brazil has received various waves of immigration from many parts of the world. | Mpifindramonina miditra sy mivoaka an'i Brezila Tahaka ny firenena Amerikana hafa nozanahan'ny Eoropeana, nifanesy ny fifindramonina avy amin'ny faritra maro teto amin'izao tontolo izao noraisin'i Brezila. |
5 | The first began with the Portuguese occupation of Brazilian territory in the XIV century, followed by the importation of slave workers from Africa and after the abolition of slavery in 1888, the substitution of the African workforce with European immigrants. | Ny voalohany nanomboka tamin'ny fibodoan'ny Portiogey ny sisintany Breziliana tamin'ny taonjato XIV, narahin'ny fanondranana andevo mpiasa avy any Afrika ary taorian'ny fanafoanana ny fanandevozana tamin'ny 1888, ny fanoloana ny Afrikana noterena hiasa ho mpifindramonina Eoropeana. |
6 | Since then, Brazilian society has changed radically as a result of these immigration flows, giving each state its own ethnic and cultural characteristics. | Nanomboka hatreo, niova tanteraka ny fiaraha-monina Breziliana noho ny firohotr'ireo mpifindra-monina ireo, mahatonga ny isam-panjakana hanana foko sy kolontsainy ahafantarana azy manokana. |
7 | Vila Maria, São Paulo, 2008. | Vila Maria, São Paulo, 2008. |
8 | Photo by Leo Caobelli on Flickr (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) | Saripikan'i Leo Caobelli hita Flickr (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) |
9 | As for the first Brazilian emigrants, they initially migrated to neighbouring countries, but it did not take long for them to reach the USA, Europe and Japan. | Ho an'ireo Breziliana nifindra monina nivoaka ny fireneny voalohany, dia ny firenena manodidina aloha no nandehanany, fa tsy ela dia tafapaka hatrany Etazonia, Eoropa ary Japana. |
10 | Amongst the reasons for leaving the country were the poor prospects for social ascension, unemployment and rampant inflation which affected Brazil in the 1980s. | Anisan'ny nahatonga ny fandaozana ny firenena ny fahakelezan'ny faravodilanitra ahafaha-miakatra ara-tsosialy, ny tsy fananan'asa ary ny fisondrotry ny vidim-piainana haingana izay nihatra tany Brezila nandritra ny taompolo 1980. |
11 | At the same time, there was the existence of established social networks which facilitated the settlement of these emigrants in countries such as Japan (where the dekasegis settled) and Portugal. | Mandritra izany fotoana izany, misy ny fisian'ny tambajotra efa tafapetraka izay manamora ny fahatongavan'ireny nifindra monina ireny firenena ireny tahaka an'i Japan (izay nanorenan'ny dekasegis fonenana) sy Portiogaly. |
12 | The number of Brazilians seeking better living conditions abroad has increased exponentially since that time and today they total around 3 million, including both regular and irregular migrants. | Mitombo tahaka ny fanainga ny isan'ny Breziliana mitady fiainana tsaratsara kokoa any ivelan'ny fireneny nanomboka tamin'izany fotoana izany ary eo ho eo amin'ny 3 arivoarivo [tapitrisa] eo ny fitambarany, ka ao daholo na ny ara-dalàna na an-tsokosoko. |
13 | The current situation: the return of Brazilians With the current economic crisis, many of these emigrants are now returning to Brazil, and particularly to the states of São Paulo, Paraná and Minas Gerais. | Zavamisy ankehitriny: fodian'ny Breziliana Amin'ny krizy ara-toekarena misy ankehitriny, maro ireo niala an-tanindrazana no niverina any Brezila, indrindra ny any amin'ny fanjakana São Paulo, Paraná ary Minas Gerais. |
14 | The blog Geo-Conceição [pt] presents some interesting statistics in relation to these immigrants: | Ny bilaogin'i Geo-Conceição [pt] mampiseho antontanisa mahaliana mifandraika amin'ireo [sokaji-na] mpifindra-monina ireo : |
15 | (…) 65% of immigrants are, in reality, Brazilians returning to the country. | (…) 65% amin'ny mpifindra monina, raha ny tena marina, no Breziliana nody an-tanindrazana. |
16 | They are the so-called “international return immigrants”. | Ireo no lazaina hoe “mpifindramonina iraisampirenena mody”. |
17 | In 2000, Brazilians returning home represented 61% of the total immigrant population. | Tamin'ny 2000, Ny Breziliana nody no mahasehaka ny 61% n'ny mpifindra monina. |
18 | The majority of Brazilians return primarily from the United States, Japan, Portugal, Spain, Paraguay and Bolivia. | Ny ankamaroan'ny mpifindramonina dia avy any Etazonia, Japana, Portiogaly, Espaina, Paraguay ary Bolivia. |
19 | Some of the data on return migration is surprising, such as the fact that 84. | Mahatalanjona ny antontanisan'ny mody an-tanindrazana sasantsasany, tahaka ny fahafantarana fa 84. |
20 | 2% of immigrants from the United States are Brazilians returning to the country. | 2% amin'ny mpifindramonina Breziliana no avy any Etazonia. |
21 | In the case of Japan, this proportion reaches 89. | Eo amin'i Japana kosa dia mahatratra hatramin'ny 89. |
22 | 1% and where Portugal is concerned, 77%. | 1% ary izay any Portiogaly kosa 77%. |
23 | Some sectors of Brazilian society are attentive to this return movement. | Misy ny sokajim-piarahamonina Breziliana no manaraka tsara ny fizotry ny fifindra-monina io. |
24 | For example, the Brazilian Support Service for Micro and Small Businesses (SEBRAE) has said that it has signed an agreement [pt] with the MRE (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) to establish a partnership to assist Brazilians who are returning to the country: | Ohatra, Ny Sampan-draharaha Breziliana Manohana ny Fandraharahana bitika sy madinika (SEBRAE) nilaza fa nanao soniam-pifanekena [pt] tamin'ny MRE (Minisiteran'ny Raharaham-Bahiny3) hametraka fiaraha-miasa hanampiana ireo Breziliana mody an-tanindrazana : |
25 | The SEBRAE in Minas Gerais and the Itamaraty (MRE) signed this Friday (23rd) a partnership to offer support to Brazilians who live abroad and intend to open and run their own business when they return to Brazil. | Nanao soniam-piaraha-miasa tamin'ny Zoma 23 [nov] hanampiana ireo Breziliana monina any ivelany ka mikasa ny hanangana fandraharahana rehefa mody eto Brezila ny SEBRAE ao Minas Gerais sy ny Itamaraty (MRE) . |
26 | With the current economic crisis in the United States and in European countries, the expectation is that approximately 500,000 of the around 3 million emigrants will return to the country ready to start up their own enterprises. | Noho ny fisian'ny krizy ara-toekarena any Etazonia sy Eoropa, heverina fa eo ho eo amin'ny 500.000 amin'ny nandao tanindrazana 3 arivoarivo no hitody eto an-tanindrazana ary vonona ny hanangana ny orinasany manokana. |
27 | In a recent declaration [pt], minister Moreira Franco of the Secretariat of Strategic Affairs of the Presidency of the Republic (SAE), stated that laws on immigration are anachronistic and hinder the absorption of skilled workers who lack opportunities in their countries of origin. | Tamin'ny fanambaràna [pt], vao haingana nataon'ny minisitra Moreira Franco avy ao amin'ny Sekretarian'ny Afera stratejikan'ny Prezidansan'ny Repoblika (SAE), nilaza fa efa lany andro ny lalàna momba ny fifindra-monina ka manasarotra ny fampidirana ireo mpiasa za-draharaha na manam-pahaizana, tsy afa-nanao na inona na inona tany amin'ny firenena niaviany. |
28 | It is clear, as Moreira Franco emphasised, that education is the best tool in order for the country to reach the required level of development. | Mazava, araka ny nasongadin'i Moreira Franco, fa ny fampianarana no fitaovana tsara indrindra ho an'ny firenena hanatrarana ny haavom-pampandrosoana ilaina. |
29 | But this is a slower path. | Saingy mbola lalan-davitra izany. |
30 | That is why he stressed how important it is for Brazil to make the most of this moment of strong supply [of skilled workers] on the international scene. | Izany no mahatonga azy handrandrana ny maha-zava-dehibe ho an'i Brezila izao fotoana izao indrindra maka [mpiasa manampahaizana] eo amin'ny sehatra iraisampirenena. |
31 | The minister's statement is paradoxical, as one of the long-standing demands of the lower classes in Brazilian society has been precisely better access to education. | Misy fifanoheran-kevitra ihany ny fanambaran'ny minisitra, satria iray amin'ny takian'ny saranga ambany ao Brezila indrindra hatry ny ela ny fahafahana mahazo fampianarana tsara kokoa. |
32 | Consistently present among these demands has been the granting of scholarships to students from poor backgrounds, the valorisation of the teaching profession through clear career plans as well as decent pay and cheaper books. | Voambara mazava ao amin'ny fitakiana ny hanomezana vatsim-pianarana ho an'ny mpianatra avy amin'ny fianakaviana sahirana, ny fanomezan-danja ny asam-pampianarana amin'ny alalan'ny fametrahana ambaratongam-piakarana mazava sy karama mendrika ary ny fahazoana boky mora. |
33 | The list is long, and taken together with what has been said previously, shows the extent to which Brazil has wasted its own population. | Lava ny lisitra ary raha jerena miaraka ireo rehetra voalaza teo aloha, dia hita fa manarinary fahatany ny mponiny manokana i Brezila. |
34 | The minister considers that urgent alterations of the laws which govern work visas for foreigners and special programmes for their integration in a new country - including learning the Portuguese language - would not be necessary if a plan was formulated to facilitate foreigners' return while simultaneously increasing investment in education for young people in Brazil. | Heverin'ny minisitra fa tsy tena ilaina loatra ny fanitsiana haingna ny lalàna izay mahasahana ny fanomezana visa ho an'ny vahiny sy ny fampianarana manokana azy ireo amin'ny hahatafiditra azy tsara ao amin'ny firenena vaovao - ka anisan'izany ny fianarana teny portiogey - raha misy ny drafitra hanamorana ny fodian'ny vahiny, ary mandritra izany fotoana izany, ampitomboina ny fampiasam-bola ho fampianarana ny tanora any Brezila. |
35 | Celebration of Oktoberfest by the German community in Rio Grande do Sul. | Fankalzana ny Oktoberfest ataon'ny vondro-piarahamonina Alemana ao Rio Grande do Sul. |
36 | Photo by Pedro Rocha on Flickr (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) | Saripikan'i Pedro Rocha on Flickr (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) |
37 | By entering into this race for foreign brains, Brazil comes to compete with countries like Australia and Canada, especially Quebec [fr], which have programmes designed to attract highly-skilled immigrants to cover the deficit caused by their ageing populations. | Tamin'ny fihazakazahana hahazo ireo manampahaizana vahiny i Brezila dia lasa mifaninana amin'ny firenena tahaka an'i Aostralia sy Canada, indrindra i Quebec [fr], izay manana fandaharan'asa manao izay hanintonana ireo mpifindra-monina tena manampahaizna hameno ny tsy fahampian'ny mpiasa vokatry ny fahanteran'ny mponina. |
38 | Their case is quite different to that of Brazil, which still has a relatively young and numerous population of around 200 million, and without large demographic gaps as in these countries, besides the 3 million emigrants living abroad who wish to return to their country. | Fa Mifanohitra amin'ny any Brezila ny momba an-dry zareo voatonona, satria i Brezila dia sady tanora ny ankamaroan'ny mponina no maro rahateo satria manodidina ny 2 alinalina [200 arivoarivo] ny isany, ary tsy misy loatra ny elanelam-ponina amin'ireo firenena ireo, raha tsy isaina ireo nandao tanindrazana 3 arivoarivo izay maniry ny hiverina an-tanindrazana. |
39 | Professor of International Relations Oliver Stuenkel of the Fundação Getúlio Vargas ponders [pt] what scenario the future will bring: | Maminavina [pt] ny profesora amin'ny Fifandraisana Iraisampirenena Oliver Stuenkel avy ao amin'ny Fundação Getúlio Vargas amin'izay ho avy rahatrizay : |
40 | The rising number of people from abroad looking for work will change the way in which Brazil relates to foreigners. | Hampiova ny fifandraisan'i Brezila amin'ny vahiny ny fitomboan'isan'ny vahiny avy any ivelany mitady asa. |
41 | Visitors from abroad are well-loved in Brazil, as they are few in number, rich and do not usually stay for long. | Mahazo fitiavana tsara ny vahiny mitsidika any Brezila, satria mbola vitsy an'isa ry zareo, mpanankarena ary tsy mijanona maharitra. |
42 | In the future, immigrants will come in greater numbers, they will be relatively poor, and they will intend to settle in Brazil. | Rahatrizay,ho maro kokoa ny mpifindramonina, ho mahantra ny ankamaroany, ary mihevitra ny hanorim-ponenana any Brezila ry zareo. |
43 | […] Although it may take several decades for immigration to Brazil to reach levels seen in Europe, it remains to be seen how well Brazil will manage a new wave of immigration, and the accompanying challenges. | […] Na dia mbola mety hisy taompolo maromaro aza vao hahatratra ny ambaratonga hita any Eoropa ny fifindra-monina ao Brezila, dia mbola tiana ho fantatra ihany hoe hanao ahoana ny hitantanan'i Brezila ny fahatongavan'ny andiana mpifindra monina vaovao, sy ny fanamby miaraka amin'izany. |
44 | One possible scenario is that Brazil will replicate the same erroneous policies which prompted those 3 million Brazilians to emigrate: concentrating income in the hands of sections of society which are uncommitted to social justice. | Iray amin'ny zavatra mety hitranga dia ho diso lalana indray amin'ny politika efa nataony nahatonga ny Breziliana 3 tapitrisa handao ny tanindrazana indray i Brezila: mampivondrona ny fidiram-bola ho eo am-pelatanan'ny vondron'olona tsy manana eritreritra hanao izany rariny ara-tsosialy izany. |
45 | Another scenario is that the country will have learnt the lesson of the “years of lead” [the most repressive period of the military dictatorship in Brazil, from 1968 to 1974] and will pay attention to the debt which it owes both to those Brazilians who have emigrated and to those who remain in Brazil, above all with regards to access to education, and consequently, the right to decent work. | Zavatra mety hitranga hafa dia ny fahaizan'ny firnena maka lesona tamin'ny “taonan'ny firamainty” [fotoana nisian'ny fangejana indrindra tamin'ny fitondrana miaramila tao Brezila, nanomboka ny 1968 ka hatramin'ny 1974] ary hifantoka amin'ny trosa omen'ny Breziliana nandao sy ireo nijanona an-tanindrazana, hijery ho ambonin'ny zava-drehetra ny fampianarana, ka manaraka izany avy eo ny zo hanana asa mendrika. |