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1A Response to the Kremlin-Bot SkepticsValinteny Manoloana ny Fisalasalana amin'ny Roboton'i Kremlin
2Image by Kevin Rothrock.Sary avy amin'iKevin Rothrock.
3Earlier this month, Internet researcher Lawrence Alexander published a network analysis on thousands of seemingly automated Twitter accounts, pointing to extensive information manipulation attempts on the RuNet.Tany am-piandohan'ity volana ity, namoaka fanadihadiana tambajotra amin'ireo kaonty Twitter an'arivony voalaza fa mibaiko tena ilay mpikaroka ara-ateriento Lawrence Alexander , manasongadina fikasana mavitrika amin'ny fanodikodinam-baovao ao amin'ny RuNet.
4After the analysis garnered massive attention from Russian media and social networks, Alexander now addresses some of the skepticism about the bot networks and their provenance.Raha nahazo ny fitodihan'ny fampitam-baovao sy tambajotra sosialy Rosiana ny fanadihadiana nataony, dia niresaka momba ny fisalasalana amin'ny tambajotran-droboto sy izay niaviany i Alexander
5My social network analysis of over 20,000 bots posting identical sets of pro-Kremlin statements on Twitter, apparently in reaction to recent news and events, attracted quite a bit of media attention and proved to be the fodder for some contentious discussion on the RuNet, so I'd now like to address some of the criticisms.Somary nahasarika ny sain'ny fampahalalam-baovao ny fanadihadiako momba ny hafatra mitovy mihoatra ny 20000 ataon'ny mpanohana an'i Kremlin ao amin'ny Twitter sy manaporofo ny fisaritahana amin'ireo adihevitra sasantsasany ao amin'ny RuNet, ka tiako ankehitriny ny mamaly ireo tsikera sasany.
6Some Russian media commentators have downplayed the pro-Kremlin manipulation of the Twittersphere, claiming the automated bots and human-run accounts are created merely for marketing or spamming purposes.Misy ireo Rosiana mpaneho hevitra sasantsasany nanintsana ny fanodinkodinan-doha ataon'ny mpanohana an'i Kremlin amin'ny tontolon'ny Twitter, nilaza fa natsangana tsy ho amin'ny tanjona ara-barotra loatra na amin'ny “spamming” ireo kaontin'ny roboto mibaiko tena sy tantanin'olona ireo.
7Sputnik News, for example, takes this stance:Sputnik News, ohatra, naka ity fijoroana ity:
8…the goal [of the trolling] appears to be not to convert public opinion, but rather search engine optimization (SEO): search engines such as Google crawl the web for keywords and links, which are then used to give weight to certain web pages when search terms are entered.Ny tanjon' [ny fanasoketana] dia tsy ny hanodina ny hevi-bahoaka, fa ny hahatsara toerana azy eo amin'ny milina fitadiavana (SEO): milina fitadiavana tahaka ny Google mamakivaky ny habaka amin'ny teny fanalahidy sy rohy, izay ampiasaina mba hanomezan-danja ireo pejy habaka sasany rehefa tafiditra ny teny karohana.
9However, this fails to explain the trolls' apparent bias towards pro-Kremlin sentiment, and offers no suggestions as to who exactly might gain from running the accounts besides a vague “political consultancy firm.”Na dia izany aza, tsy nahafahana nanazava ny fitongilanana miharihary amin'ny fanohanana an'i Kremlin izany, ary tsy manana soso-kevitra amin'izay tena mahazo tombotsoa amin'ny fitantanana kaonty ankoatra ny “fijoroan-kevitra ara-politika.”
10It also doesn't consider that a deliberate disinformation campaign might employ tactics similar to spammers, both for convenience and for added ‘plausible deniability.'Tsy mampihevitra ihany koa io fa mety mampiasa tetikady mitovy amin'ireo mpanao spam ireo minia mampiely hevitra diso, ary izy roa ireo dia mba ahitana izay tian-ko hita sy mba “hampitombina fandavana”.
11In my analysis, I found little evidence of any commercial purpose behind the bot networks.Amin'ny fanadihadiako, kely ny porofo hitako amin'ny tanjona ara-barotra ambadiky ny tambajotran-droboto.
12Most tweets didn't link to premium sites or share dubious-looking links.Tsy mifandray amin'ireo habaka lehibey na mizara rohy toa mampiahiahy ny ankamaroan'ireo sioka.
13And because I was able to establish that few of the accounts were genuine (i.e., run by real humans), it didn't seem likely they were part of a paid followers scheme, which would follow plenty of real people and organisations.Ary rehefa hitako fa vitsy no tena izy ireo kaonty (izany hoe tena misy olona mitantana azy), toa tsy azo inoana fa anisan'ireo mpanjohy nokaramaina hanaraka olona tena izy na fikambanana marobe izy ireo.
14Other critics have questioned how much impact the bot networks could have, considering they rarely interacted with others.Nametraka fisalasalana amin'ny zava-bitan'ny tambajotran'ny roboto ny hafa, mihevitra fa zara raha mifandray amin'ny hafa izy ireo.
15The answer, I believe, lies in Twitter's Search and Trending features.Mino aho fa miankina amin'ny Fitadiavana amin'ny Twitter sy ny Zava-malaza miseho ny valinteny.
16A good way to illustrate this is to look at the way bots have been shown to spread news stories in their tweets.Ny fomba tsara handravahana izany dia ny fijerena izay ahitana ireo roboto ireo mampiely lahatsoratra vaovao ao amin'ny siokan'izy ireo.
17In March 2015, Keir Giles, director of Chatham House's Conflict Studies and Research Centre and a fellow Russia and Eurasia Programme, noted repeated sharing of this RT article.Tamin'ny Martsa 2015, nanamarika ny fizarana imbetsaka an'ity lahatsoratra retweet ity i Keir Giles, talen'ny Foibem-pikarohana sy Fanadihadiana momba ny Ady ao amin'ny Chatham House sady namana ao amin'ny Fandaharan'asa Eurasia sy Rosia.
18In it, several interviewees attempt to cast doubt on evidence that flight MH-17 was downed by a Buk missile.Ao anatin'ny lahatsoratra, miezaka mampisy fisalasalana amin'ny porofo fa notifirina tamin'ny balafomanga BUK ny fiaramanidina MH-17 ireo olona nohadihadiana .
19Su-25 designer goes off message on MH17 shootdown; triggers more Russian troll farm overdrive http://t.co/I5YvoJgV1D pic.twitter.com/nhYoHeoZYlTsy nahitan-teny tamin'ny fitifirana ny MH17 ireo mpamolavola ny Su-25; mampandroandroatra kokoa ireo Rosiana mpanasoketa
20- Keir Giles (@KeirGiles) March 11, 2015 I used NodeXL to collect a Twitter Search network sample for the headline seen in the tweets: “Could SU-25 fighter jet down a Boeing?Nampiasa ny NodeXL aho mba hanangonana ny santionany tamin'ny tambajotra Fikarohana amin'ny Twitter momba ireo lohateny hita ao amin'ireo sioka: “Afaka mitifitra Boieng ve ny fiaramanidina kely mpiady Su-25?
21Former pilots speak out on MH17 claims.”Miresaka momba ny fanambaran'ny MH17 ireo mpanamory teo aloha.”
22The resulting graph (below) shows the accounts sharing the article as circular ‘nodes.'Mampiseho ireo kaonty mizara ny lahatsoratra ho toy ny “vona (noeuds)” boribory ny sary (eto ambany) avy amin'izany.
23Those that are closely interconnected by follows or mentions are grouped into color-coded clusters.Nivondrona ao anatin'ny sampan-doko ireo mpifandray akaiky amin'ny fanarahana sy ny fanononana.
24(Their size is based on their relative connectedness with others in the network.)(Mifototra amin'ny fifandraisan'izy ireo amin'ny hafa ao amin'ny tambajotra ny habeny.)
25Network of Twitter accounts sharing Russia Today's story on MH17.Tambajotran'ireo kaonty Twitter mizara ny vaovaon'ny Russia Today momba ny MH17.
26Image by Lawrence Alexander.Sary avy amin'i Lawrence Alexander.
27Prominent in the center-for obvious reasons-are RT (Russia Today's) accounts, @rt_america and @rt_com.Ny lehibe eo afovoany - noho ny antony mazava - dia kaontin'ny RT (Russia Today), rt_america sy rt_com.
28The strongly connected upper green cluster shows a number of pro-Russian tweeters following or interacting: for example, @gbabeuf and @novorossiyan.Mampiseho ny isan'ireo mpisioka manohana ny Rosiana mifanjohy sy mifandray kosa ny loko maintso eo ambony be mpifandray indrindra: ohatra: @gbabeuf sy @novorossiyan.
29But the anonymous bots are found mostly in the outer ring, indicating their characteristic lack of interaction and lack of following real users.Saingy hita ao ivelan'ny rojo kosa ny ankamaroan'ireo tsy mitonona anarana, mampiseho ny tsy fisian'ny fifandraisana sy ny tsy fisian'ny fanarahana mpiserasera mazava.
30Just because the bots are isolated, though, doesn't mean they lack impact.Satria hoe voaavaka ireo roboto ireo dia tsy midika fa tsy manana fiantraikany ny nataon'izy ireo.
31Their repeated use of key words, phrases, and headlines affects Twitter's search results and trending topics, so anyone looking for tweets about MH17, for example, would have seen multiple instances of RT's story, boosting its perceived popularity.Ny fampiasan'izy ireo miverimberina ny teny fanalahidy, ny fehezan-teny sy ny lohatenim-baovao dia misy fiantraikany eo ny valim-pikarohana amin'ny Twitter sy ny lohahevitra malaza, ka na iza na iza mitady sioka momba ny MH17, ohatra, dia afaka mahita tantaran'ny RT miverimberina, manondrotra ny lazany.
32(There is no evidence that RT themselves have anything to do with the bots).(Tsy misy ny porofo fa misy ifandraisany amin'ny RT ireo roboto).
33These strategies are explicitly prohibited in Twitter's rules-though this hasn't stopped large-scale bot networks from encroaching on Twitter news narratives, potentially influencing trending topics.Voaràra mazava amin'ny fitsipiky ny Twitter ireo paikady ireo, kanefa tsy nanakana ireo tambajotran'ny roboto hisandoka ao amin'ny fitantaram-baovao amin'ny Twitter izany, mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ireo lohahevitra malaza.
34Unless social networking sites strengthen their protections against mass account registration, it seems likely these manipulation efforts will continue.Raha tsy manamafy ny fiarovany manoloana ny fisoratana anarana marobe amina kaonty ny tambajotra sosialy, mety mbola hitohy izao ezaka fanodikodinana izao.