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1Why Students Think Reforms Fall Short of Fixing Chile's ‘Educational Apartheid’Nahoana No Heverin'ny Mpianatra Ho Tsy Mahavita Mitsabo Ny ‘Fanabeazana Miendrika Apartheid’ Ao Shily Ireo Fanovàna
2Student Protests in Chile (Ben Achtenberg)Mpianatra manao hetsi-panoherana ao Shily (Ben Achtenberg)
3This article by Emily Achtenberg is a joint publication of NACLA and The Indypendent.Fiarahana mamoaka lahatsoratra eo amin'ny NACLA sy ny The Indypendent ity lahatsoratr'i Emily Achtenberg ity.
4It was originally published on March 3, 2015, and is republished here as part of a content-sharing agreement.Nivoaka voalohany tamin'ny 3 Martsa 2015, ary naverina navoaka eto noho ny fifanarahana fifampizaràna votoaty.
5A new Chilean law bans profits, tuition, and selective admissions in private primary and secondary schools that receive state subsidies-but students say much more is needed to dismantle the most commodified education system in the world.Voararan'ny lalàna iray vaovao ao Shily ny fakàna tombony, sarampianarana, ary fifantenana eo am-pidirana any amin'ìreo sekoly tsy miankina sy ambaratonga faharoa izay mahazo fanampiana avy amin'ny fanjakana-nefa milaza ireo mpianatra fa mbola betsaka noho izany no tokony hatao mba handravàna ity fanabeazana faran'izay manome lanja ny endrika ivelany eto amin'izao tontolo izao ity.
6Last month, Chilean President Michelle Bachelet signed into law the most significant educational reform the country has seen in 30 years.Tamin'ny volana lasa iny ny filoha Shiliana, Michelle Bachelet, dia nanasonia lalàna izay manana ny toerany tokoa eo amin'ny fanavaozana ny fanabeazana nisy tao amin'ny firenena tato anatin'ny 30 taona.
7Enacted after an eight-month legislative battle, the new law will gradually ban profits, tuition fees, and selective admissions practices in privately owned primary and secondary schools that receive state subsidies.Lany rehefa nifampitolomana nandritry ny valo volana, ilay lalàna vaovao dia handràra tsikelikely ny fakàna tombony, saram-pianarana, ary ireo fomba fanao amin'ny fifantenana eo am-pidirana an'ireo sekoly fanabeazana fototra sy ambaratonga faharoa tantanan'ny tsy miankina, ary mahazo fanampiana avy amin'ny fanjakàna.
8The long-awaited education reform-preceded by a corporate tax increase that will raise $8 billion annually for education and other social programs-addresses a key promise made by Bachelet and her center-left New Majority coalition during the 2013 electoral campaign.Ilay fanavaozana izay efa ela no niandrasana azy-nialohavan'ny fiakaran'ny hetra alohan'ny mpandraharaha izay hiakatra ho 8 lavitrisa dolara isantaona ho an'ny fanabeazana sy ireo fandaharanasa sosialy hafa-dia miresaka ireo fampanantenana fototra nataon'i Bachelet sy ny vovonana vaovao itambaran'ny afovoany ary ny elatra ankavia misy azy nadritry ny fampielezankevitra tamin'ìny 2013.
9It has been widely hailed as a major step towards dismantling the market-based and socio-economically segregated education system, a legacy of the Pinochet dictatorship (1973-1990).Noarahabain'ny maro tokoa ho dingana iray goavana mankany amin'ny famotehana ny rafi-panabeazana mifototra amin'ny fitadiavana tsena sy manavakavaka ara-bola sy sosialy, lova navelan'ny fitondrana jadon'i Pinochet (1973-1990).
10According to the Chilean NGO Educación 2020, a key actor in developing the reform package, “This law changes the Chilean education system, the most commodified in the world, by transforming education from a consumer good to a social right.”
11As anticipated, the protracted legislative battle over the New Majority's education reform galvanized strong opposition from conservative sectors. But dissent has also come from less expected quarters: the highly organized Chilean student movement.Araka ny ambaran'ilay ONG Shiliana Educación 2020, mpiantsehatra fototra tamin'ny fandrafetana ilay fanovàna, “Manova ny rafi-panabeazaa Shiliana ity lalàna ity, rafitra izay faran'ny tena manavakavaka sy mpijery ivelany indrindra eto an-tany, hiala amin'ny endrika zavatra natao hojifaina ka ho lasa zo sosialy.”
12“This is not the reform we mobilized for,” proclaimed the University of Chile Student Federation (FECH), which spearheaded the massive 2011-13 demonstrations that catalyzed popular demands for education reform and paved the way for the New Majority's electoral victory.
13“We have wasted a historic opportunity for educational reform, and also deeply damaged our democracy,” said Gabriel Boric, one of four student leaders elected to Congress in 2013 (who, nevertheless, voted for the reform).Araka ny efa novinaina dia nisedra fanoherana matanjaka avy amin'ireo sehatra mpifikitra amin'ny nentin-drazana ilay tolona fanaovana lalàna naharitra elabe mahakasika ilay fanavaozana ny rafi-panabeazana natolotry ny Maro an'isa vaovao.
14To appreciate these surprisingly dissident perspectives, the new education reforms must be viewed in a broader historical context.Saingy nisy koa ny fandàvana niainga avy any amin'ireo tsy noeritreretina mihitsy: ilay hetsika tena tsara rindran'ireo Shiliana mpianatra.
15The wholesale conversion of Chile's system of universal, free, public education to a privatized, deregulated, demand-driven scheme, which began under Pinochet, was consolidated by subsequent democratic regimes.
16At the primary and secondary level, public schools have been systematically undermined by a municipalization strategy that generates widely disparate funding levels between jurisdictions, and by the creation of private schools that compete with public ones for state voucher subsidies.
17Today, as resource-starved public schools continue to decline in quality, only 37% of Chilean students are enrolled in them (down from 80% in 1980).
18Private schools with state subsidies (like US charter schools) are the fastest growing sector, representing 56% of enrollment. Of these, one-third are non-profit (primarily owned by religious institutions) and two-thirds are for-profit.“Tsy ny fanavaozana no nampihetsika anay,” hoy ny Federasionan'ny Mpianatra avy amin'ny Anjerimanontolon'i Shily (FECH), izay nitarika ilay hetsi-panoherana goavana be tamin'ny 2011-13 ary nitondra ho amin'ny fitakian'ny vahoaka ny hanavaozana ny rafi-panabeazana sy nisava ny làlana ho an'ny fandresen'ny Maro an'isa vaovao tamin'ny fifidianana.
19The remaining 7% are private with no state subsidies. Most for-profit subsidized schools also charge tuition, and select (and retain) students based on their socio-economic status, test scores, and performance.“Vanim-potoana manan-tantara iray no nodinganintsika teo amin'ny resaka fanavaozana ny fanabeazana, ary koa tena nanimba be ny demaokrasiantsika,” hoy i Gabriel Boric, iray amin'ireo mpianatra mpitarika efatra voafidy ho ao amin'ny Kaongresy tamin'ny 2013 (izay, na izany aza, tsy nifidy nampandany an'ilay fanavaozana).
20As a result, each student buys the education that he or she can afford, and 44% of students-largely from poor neighborhoods and villages-do not complete high school.
21Still, even in the most selective institutions, students test well below average for the 34 developed nations that belong to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), due to the lack of quality control of schools, teachers, and teacher training.
22At the higher education level, 80% of Chilean students now attend private universities or technical institutes.Mba hahafantarana tsara ireny fomba fijery feno fanoherana mahaliana ireny, dia tsy maintsy jerena ao anaty vanim-potoana midadasika be ara-tantara ireo fanavaozana vaovao ny fanabeazana.
23These schools are the most expensive in the world, relative to per capita income. Students pay tuition at public universities, too, a situation relatively unique for Latin America.Ny fiovam-penitra manontolon'ny rafitra ao Shily ho an'ny rehetra, malalaka, fanabeazam-panjakana ho any amin'ny tsy miankina, tsy vaoara-maso, baikoin'ny tinady fotsiny, izay nanomboka tamin'i Pinochet, dia nohamafisin'ireo fitondrana demoakratika taty aoriana.
24While Chilean universities are technically required to operate on a non-profit basis, recent investigations have documented illegal strategies used to divert funds for private gain, including service contracts and land or infrastructure leases with related for-profit entities.
25Universities are also highly segregated, with admission exams disadvantaging poor students from lower quality high schools and channeling them to “storefront” institutes, where roughly half drop out with high debt burdens.
26Top-ranked schools, including state-subsidized public universities, are available only to elite students. The result, according to Educación 2020, is a system of “educational apartheid” that is among the worst in the world.Any amin'ny sehatry ny fanabeazana fototra sy ambaratonga faharoa, ny sekolim-panjakana dia nokikisan'ny tetikady napariahana mankany amin'ny boroborintany izay miteraka fivakivakisan'ny famatsiambola eo amin'ireo andrim-panjakana samihafa, ary ny famoronana sekoly tsy miankina hifaninana amin'ireo sekolim-bahoaka tohanan'ny fanjakana.
27It reinforces and reproduces inequality in a country which has the most unequal income distribution among OECD member states (as well as the highest per capita income in Latin America).
28Bachelet's reforms, which seek to decommodify privatized primary and secondary education, are aimed at one portion of this repressive system.
29They will require owners of for-profit elementary and high schools to convert to non-profit status, and to admit students by lottery instead of discriminatory selection. Tuition fees will gradually be replaced by increased state subsidies.Ny lalàna koa, hoy ny fanamarihan'ireo mpianatra, dia manome alàlana ireo endrika vaovao fakàna tombombarotra, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampindramam-bola iantohan'ny fanjakàna mba handoavana ny fivarotana ireo sekoly maka tombony ho lasan'ireo mpandraharaha tsy mitady tombony, ary amin'ny sandany misy fanohanana ara-bola eo amin'ny sehatry ny tsena.
30Students say the reforms don't go far enough, and may fall short even in meeting their stated objective.
31They point to loopholes that will allow “flagship” schools to maintain selective admissions for up to 30% of their enrollment.(noho ny tsindry avy amin'ny Fiangonana Katolika izay tompon'ny betsaka amin'ireny sekoly ireny dia nilaozana ilay tolokevitra iray tany aloha tany nanome alàlana ny fanjakana hividy ireny fotodrafitrasa ireny).
32Non-profit schools can also retain transitional leasing arrangements with for-profit landlords, legitimizing continuing profits within the primary and secondary education system through the same subterfuges used by private universities.
33The law, students note, also authorizes new forms of profit-taking, through state-guaranteed loans to finance the sale of for-profit schools to non-profit operators at their subsidized market value.Ny andininy ao dia mamaly, amin'ny ampahany, ny fampielezankevitra iray mahatahotra nakarin'ilay tolodalàna iray avy amin'ireo mpanohitra sy mpifikitra amin'ny nentin-drazana, izay nanentana ny ray aman-dreny hiaina teo ambany aloky ny fikatonana faoben'ireo sekoly tsy miankina ho setrin'ilay fandraràna ny fakàna tombombarotra.
34(An earlier proposal allowing the state to purchase these properties was scrapped, due to pressure from the Catholic Church which owns a significant number of schools.)(dokambarotra iray tao anaty gazety navoaka tamin'ny Desamba no nivaky tamin'ny ampahany hoe : “Sekoly tsy miankina mandray tohana ara-bola, amidy: 2.000 mpianatra, fotodrafitrasa tsy misy kianina, ray aman-dreny mendrika, mpampianatra mendrika…”)
35The provision responds, in part, to a scare campaign mounted by the bill's conservative opponents, who incited parents by raising the specter of massive private school closings in response to the ban on profits.Nokianin'ny mpianatra ihany koa ny fandaharanasan'i Bachelet ho tsy nahavita nanamboatra ny rafi-panabeazana tsizarizarin'ireo sekoly monisipaly an'ny fanjakana, nanatsara ny fanofànana ireo mpampianatra, ny karama, ary ny kalitaon'ny fanarahamaso ny sekoly, na niatrika ny fangatahana fototra nataon'izay ireny, fanabeazana ambony ho an'ny rehetra.
36(One newspaper ad posted in December read, in part: “Private subsidized school for sale: 2,000 students, excellent infrastructure, good parents, good teachers…”)Nampanantena fanampin-dalàna ho amin'ity taona ity i Bachelet hiatrehana ireny olana ireny, ahitàna ny fanabeazana maimaimpoana eny amin'ny anjerimanontolo amin'ny 2020, na dia tsy mbola misy antsipirihany tena fantatra mazava aza.
37Students also criticize Bachelet's program for failing to restructure the decimated municipal public school system, improve teacher training, salaries, and quality control of schools, or address their key demand for free, universal higher education.
38Bachelet has promised additional legislation this year to deal with these issues, including free university education by 2020, although few details are forthcoming as of yet.Raha jerena ifotony kokoa, lazain'ny FECH sy Gabriel Boric fa ireo fanavaozana nolaniana sy novinavinaina hatramin'izao dia tsy manapaka ny fitohizana lojikan'ny rafi-panabeazana liberaly amin'ny endriny vaovao, ary mety ho ampiasaina hanamafy azy aza.
39More fundamentally, the FECH and Gabriel Boric argue that the reforms passed and contemplated to date do not break with the logic of the neoliberal education system, and may even serve to reinforce it.
40By enshrining the voucher system, they contend, the reforms will continue the competition for enrollment and resources between public and private schools that has destroyed quality public education.Amin'ny fampidirana ny rafitra fividianana tapakila, hoy zareo manamafy, hanohy ny fifaninanana any amin'ireo sekolim-panjakana sy ny tsy miankina ireo fanavaozàna ireo, eo amin'ny fampidirana mpianatra sy ny fitaovana enti-miasa, izay nanimba ny kalitaon'ny fanabeazana any amin'ny sekolim-panjakana.
41Indeed, Bachelet has marketed the current education reform, in part, as a project to enhance “school choice” by removing cost and selectivity barriers-even though the public sector, under current conditions, can't provide a competitive alternative.Eo indrindra, nataon'i Bachelet entam-barotra ny fanavaozana ny fanabeazana amin'izao fotoana ireo, amin'ny ampahany, ho toy ny tetikasa entina hanatsaràna “ny fisafidianana sekoly” amin'ny fanesorana ireo sakana ateraky ny sarany sy ny sivana-na dia tsy afaka manana safidy hafa azony hiatrehana fifaninanana aza ireo any amin'ny sehatry ny fanjakana, ao anatin'ny teo-draharaha misy ankehitriny.
42What's needed, according to the FECH, is a complete re-nationalization and return of education to the public sector, with funding based on institutional need rather than demand.Ny ilaina, araka ny lazain'ny FECH, dia fakàna ho fananam-pirenena tanteraka sy famerenana ny fanabeazana ho an'ny sehatra tantanan'ny fanjakana, miaraka amin'ny fanohanana ara-bola miainga amin'ny filàn'ilay toeram-pianarana fa tsy ny fangatahany.
43This contrasts sharply with the views of Bachelet and Educación 2020, who envision the end result of Chile's reforms more as a mixed public-private non-profit system, similar to the Netherlands or Belgium, that remains demand-driven.Tena mifanipaka be amin'ny fijerin'i Bachelet sy ny Educación 2020 io, izay mieritreritra ny vokatra farany amin'ilay fanavaozana ao Shily ho fifangaroana rafitra tsy ikatsahana tombony iraisan'ny fanjakana-tsy miankina, sahala amin'ny ao Pays-Bas na Belzika, izay mijanona ho baikoan'ny tinady.
44Ex-student leader-turned-legislator Camila Vallejo has taken a more pragmatic stance, endorsing Bachelet's gradualist program as the most practical way to eliminate profits in education without a massive expenditure of state resources.Naka fomba fijery somary mandinika ny zava-misy kokoa i Camila Vallejo, mpitarika hetsiky ny mpianatra fahiny fa efa lasa solombavambahoaka ankehitriny, manohana ilay fandaharanasa mandeha tsikelikelin'i Bachelet ho ny fomba mora tanterahana indrindra hanafoanana ny fanabeazana mikatsaka tombom-barotra nefa tsy andaniana volabe avy amin'ny fanjakana.
45Vallejo, who will chair the education commission in the Chamber of Deputies this year, will be in a key position to shape the New Majority's future education agenda.Vallejo, izay hitarika ny kaomisônan'ny fanabeazana ao anatin'ny Antenimieran'ny Solombavambahoaka amin'ity taona ity, dia hitàna toerana lehibe amin'ny fandrafetana ny fanadaharanasa manaraka ho an'ny Maro an'isa Vaovao.
46The upcoming legislative battle over higher education is expected to be much more contentious than last year's struggle.Ny fifanandrinana amin'ny resaka lalàna ho avy eo momba ny fampianarana ambony dia ampoizina hiteraka resabe raha oharina amin'ny fifanandrinana tamin'ny taona lasa.
47Its outcome will be strongly influenced by the student movement's continuing ability to articulate and link popular demands to a broader structural analysis, using the creative tactics (from school takeovers to “kiss-ins”) that have mobilized hundreds of thousands in the past.Hisy dindo mavesatry ny fahaizana mandrindran'ny hetsik'ireo mpianatra ny ho vokany eo ary hampifandrohy ny fitakian'ny vahoaka hisian'ny fandalinana ara-drafitra midadasika kokoa, amin'ny fampiasàna tetikady mivoatra (avy any amin'ny fakàna ny fifehezana ny sekoly, tonga any amin'ny resaka “kiss-ins” - fifanirohana) izay nahahetsika olona an-jatony tamin'ny lasa.
48Currently, the student movement appears to be at a crossroads.Amin'izao fotoana izao dia sampanan-dàlana iray no fahitàna ny hetsiky ny mpianatra.
49While massive demonstrations continued last year after Bachelet's proposed reforms were announced, the passage of the bill has demobilized some sectors and created new organizational challenges.Raha fihetsketsehana goavana no nipoitra tamin'ny taona las fony nambara ny fanavaozana natolotr'i Bachelet, dia tsy namparisika sehatra maro ny fandaniana ilay tolodalàna ary niteraka fanamby hanaovana fandaminana vaovao.
50The movement encompasses diverse political tendencies, and continually struggles to define its complex relationship to electoral politics.Mahafaoka fironana politika maro ilay hetsika, ary mitohy hatrany mitolona mba hamaritra ny fifandraisana misangaojy eo aminy sy ny mpifidiny.
51Recent elections have split the student leadership between left- (FECH) and right-wing (Catholic University) factions, with the latter opposed to nationalization of all universities.Nampisaraka ireo mpitarika ny mpianatra ho lasa andiany amin'ny elatra havanana (FECH) sy elatra havia (Fiangonana Katôlika) ireo fifidianana natao farany teo, miaraka min'ito farany izay manohitra ny fakàna ho fananam-panjakana ireo anjerimanontolo rehetra.
52On the other hand, FECH, the largest student organization, has successfully united its three major political constituencies and is well positioned to lead the upcoming battles of 2015 (dubbed by FECH as the “Year of Higher Education”).Etsy andaniny ny FECH, ny fikambanana mpianatra lehibe indrindra, dia nahavita nampitambatra ireo fari-pifidianana politika telo nananany, ary tsara toerana hitarika ny tolona 2015 ho avy eo (antsoin'ny FECH hoe “Taonan'ny Fampianarana Ambony”).
53While Chilean students may be loath to claim Bachelet's reforms as a partial victory, their experience is teaching the world how mass popular movements can transform state policy-even if they can't win everything at once-and how difficult it is to truly dismantle the entrenched neoliberal educational model.Raha mety hametraka ahiahy ireo Shiliana mpianatra ka hilaza ny fanavaozana entin'i Bachelet ho ampaham-pahombiazana, ny zava-bitan-dry zareo dia mampianatra izao tontolo izao ny fomba ahafahan'ny hetsi-bahoaka hanova ny politikam-panjakana-na dia tsy ho azo ao anatin'ny fotoana iray aza ny zavatra rehetra-ary ny fahasarotana amin'ny tena handravàna tanteraka io lasitra fanabeazana liberaly amin'ny endriny vaovao tsara aro io.
54Emily Achtenberg is an urban planner and the author of NACLA's blog Rebel Currents, covering Latin American social movements and progressive governments.Mpahay momba ny rafi-panorenana an-tanàn-dehibe i Emily Achtenberg ary mpanoratra ao amin'ny bilaogin'ny NACLA Rebel Currents, mandrakotra ny hetsika sosialy mitranga any Amerika Latina sy ireo governemanta liam-pivoarana.