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1 | The Evolution of African Social Welfare Systems | Ny Fivoaran'ny Fiahiana Ara-tsosialy Aty Afrika |
2 | This post is part of our special coverage Global Development. | |
3 | Considering the debate generated by healthcare reform in the United States and the gradual withdrawal of the French state from public-funded social action, one might think that social protection is an endangered idea. | Raha tarafina amin'ny resabe ateraky ny fanavaozana ny fiahiana ara-pahasalamana any Etazonia [en] sy ny fisintahan'ny fanjakana miandalana amin'ny resaka ara-tsosialy ao Frantsa, dia azo ambara fa fomba fanao efa an-dàlampahalevonana ny resaka fiarovana ara-tsosialy. |
4 | On the contrary, the right to security is an integral component of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 22) and an important part of the Millenium Development Goals (MDG), as conceived by the United Nations. | Kanefa, ny zo hoarovana dia isan'ny singa tafiditra tanteraka ao anatin'ny Fanambaràna Erantanin'ny Zon'Olombelona (andininy faha- 22) ary ampahany tena manana ny lanjany [en] amin' ireo Tanjon'ny Taonarivo Ho an'ny Fampandrosoana (OMD) napetraky ny Firenena Mikambana. |
5 | For the majority of African countries, social welfare systems are still evolving. | Ny fametrahana rafitra iray ho fiahiana ara-tsosialy dia tena mbola an-dalam-pivoarana tokoa ho an'ny ankamaroan'ireo firenena aty Afrika. |
6 | Each African government has chosen a system specific to its culture, with varying degrees of success, but all recognize the necessity of protecting at a minimum the most vulnerable populations. | Samy nifidy rafitra iray manokana mifanaraka amin'ny kolotsainy ny governemanta afrikana tsirairay, izay azo lazaina ho nahomby amin'ny ampahany ihany, saingy ny rehetra dia miara-mahatsapa ny filàna ny fiarovana, na faran'izay kely aza, ho an'ireo tena mponina marefo ao aminy. |
7 | An insufficient social protection system | Fiarovana ara-tsosialy mazàna mbola tena faran'izay tsizarizary |
8 | Assane Fall-Diop summarizes the struggles that are still needed to achieve a real social welfare system in Africa [fr]: | Assane Fall-Diop dia mamintina ireo ady mbola hatrehana mba hanànana fiahiana ara-tsosaly tena izy aty Afrika : |
9 | Social protection became a necessary theme of the electoral debates in Africa. | Lasa lohahevitra tsy maintsy atao rehefa misy adihevitra momba ny fifidianana aty Afrika ny resaka fiahiana aa-tsosialy. |
10 | In Cote d'Ivoire and the Democratic Republic of Congo, either the Constitution or the law make health insurance a priority goal. | Ao Côte d'Ivoire sy ny Repoblika Demaokratikan'i Congo, ny Lalampanorenana na ny lalàna dia mametraka mihitsy ny fiahiana ara-pahasalamana ho tanjona isan'ny laharam-pahamehana. |
11 | However, the booming informal economy and the financial and political weaknesses of African states make it difficult to achieve real progress. | Kanefa, ny firoboroboan'ny teokarena ivelan'ny rafitra sy ny halemen'ny politika ary ny ara-bolan'ireo Fanjakana/Firenena no manembantsembana ny tena fanatanterahana mivaingana[..] |
12 | In Africa, “only 5-10% of the workforce receives social security coverage,” according to the International Labour Organization (ILO), which notes that the situation has deteriorated over the last 20 years. | Aty Afrika, « 5 % hatramin'ny 10 % monja amin'ny olona afaka mamokatra no mahazo fiahiana ara-tsosialy», araka ny nambaran'ny Fikambanana Manerantany Momba ny Asa (OIT), izay mahamarika fitontonganan'ny toe-draharaha nandritra ny roapolo taona farany. |
13 | The organization emphasizes that “close to 80% of the population does not have access to basic healthcare.” | Ity fikambanana ity izay manipika fa « manakaiky ny 80 % n'ny mponina no tsy afaka mahazo akory ny fikarakarana fototra amin'ny ara-pahasalamana ». |
14 | End of the month pension queues. Clermont Township, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa by HelpAge on Flickr (CC-license-BY). | Laharana fiandrasana ny fisotroan-dronono tao an-tananan'i Clermont, Kwazulu-Natal, Afrika Atsimo, avy amin'i HelpAge tao amin'ny Flickr (CC-license-BY) |
15 | Lambert Gbossa, deputy director of the International Labour Organization's Regional Office for Africa, explains why he thinks that social welfare is in decline all over the continent. | Lambert Gbossa dia manazava ho an'ny Office International du Travail (OIT) ny antony iheverany fa ny fiahiana ara-tsosialy dia mitontongana saiky manerana ny kaontinanta. |
16 | The force of informal economy is, in his opinion, one of the principal causes [fr]: | Ny tosiky ny fihariana tsy manara-penira no isany, hoy izy, antony iray lehibe amin'izany : |
17 | First, a runaway population boom that produces each year a cohort of first-time jobseekers; next, a severe economic crisis, verging on recession, that wiped out the modern sector's absorptive capacity; finally, a mass rural exodus forcing many to come “mess about” in the cities. | voalohany, fitomboan'ny mponina mihazakazaka be izay niteraka isan-taona andianà mpitady asa voalohany; avy eo, olana ara-toekarena goavambe manakaikikaiky ny fihemorana mihitsy izay nampihena ho toy ny tsy misy ny fahafaha-mitelin'ny sehatra maoderina; farany, ny tosiky ny fifindra-monina avy eny ambanivohitra manery ny ankamaroan'ny olona hiakatra «hanao izay azo atao» any an-tanan-dehibe. |
18 | In this way, the workforce rose to over 40 percent in all countries, with a growth rate above 4.5 percent, which is slightly higher than the growth rate of the general population. | Araka izany, ny tahan'ny olona afaka mamokatra dia mahatratra ny 40% amin'ny fitambarambe manerana ny firenena, miaraka aminà taham-pitomboana maherin'ny 4,5 isan-jato, ambony kely mitaha amin'ny an'ny fitomboan'ny mponina. |
19 | At the current rate, the occupancy rate of employed workers could be more than 2 to 3 percent in the next 25 years. | Raha ny hafainganan'ny fivoaran'ny angona amin'izao fotoana mikasika ny olona afaka mamokatra sy ny olona mikarama, ny tahan'ireo olona miasa mandray karama dia tsy misy afa-tsy 2 hatramin'ny 3 isan-jato raha be indrindra ato anatin'ny 25 taona ho avy. |
20 | Since this population would be the one to benefit from an organized social security system, there is a predictable drop-off in the social benefits of such a system. | Noho ity vahoaka ity hany misitraka rafitra tsara rindra amin'ny resaka fiahiana ara-tsosialy, dia azo vinavinaina araka izany ny fisian'ny fikororosian'ny vokatra ara-tsosialin'ilay rafi-piahiana. |
21 | Unequal progress across the continent | Fandrosoana tsy mbola mirindra |
22 | Steps have been taken to mitigate this lag in the development of a social welfare system for Africa. | Nisy ny fepetra noraisina mba hanenjehana io fahataran'ny fandrosoan'ny fiahiana ara-tsosialy io eto amin'ny kaontinanta. |
23 | The Africa Platform for Social Protection (APSP) wants to see concrete measures to elevate and reinforce the social contract between states and their citizens. | Ny Vovonana ho an'ny fiahiana ara-tsosialy aty Afrika (APSP) [en] dia te-hitondra fepetra mivaingana ho fampahafantarana sy fanamafisana ny fifanarahana ara-tsosialy eo amin'ny Fanjakana sy ny vahoakany. |
24 | The APSP recommends [fr]: | Araka izany, ny APSP dia mandrisika hoe : |
25 | For the APSP, programme design must build on existing structures, including traditional social protection systems. | ny fandaharan'asa rehetra dia tsy maintsy foronina miainga amin'ny foto-drafitrasa efa misy, tafiditra amin'izany ny faritra mahazatra amin'ny resaka fiahiana ara-tsosialy. |
26 | At the same time, the Platform highlights that this attention to national and local situations and perceptions has to go hand in hand with the development of regional and continental approaches. | Mifanindran-dàlana amin'izay, ilay Vovonana dia mihizingizina amin'ny hoe ireo fanambin'ny firotsahana isam-paritra, ary indrindra indrindra fa ireo mifamatotra amin'ny fahafaha-mizaka ny zo ara-tsosialy, dia tsy ho afaka ihoarana raha tsy hoe arahana fomba fijery isam-paritra sy mifanaraka amin'ny kaontinanta ny fanombanana ny zava-misy sy ny fomba fijerin'ny eo an-toerana, ary ny fjery nasionaly |
27 | However, Lambert Gbossa is concerned about the danger represented by the willingness to provide a standard welfare system without considering the specificities of each region and without a participatory dialogue [fr]: | Manahy anefa i Lambert Gbossa amin'ny loza ateraky ny finiavana hitondra rafitra lasitra amin'ny resaka fiahiana tsy ijerena akory ny maha-izy azy ny faritra tsirairay sy tsy ialohavana fifampidinihana ara-tsosialy : . |
28 | …the question of reforming the social welfare system in the African countries is a good one. This question is confined within the current system and has rarely tried to insert itself into a comprehensive policy. | .ny resaka fanavaozana ny fiahiana ara-tsosialy any amin'ny firenena aty Afrika dia apetraka amin'ny fahaiza-manavaka tsara mihitsy, voafatotra ao anatin'ny rafitra efa misy ankehitriny ary zara raha nanandrana nitsofoka ho ao anatinà politika ankapobeny. |
29 | The result of this confinement is not only the marginalization of a great majority of the population, but more importantly the perpetuation of an often misunderstood model that prioritized social protection for the formal sector over the problems in line with identities. | Ny vokatr'io fatotra io dia tsy hoe fotsiny fanaovana ho an-jorom-bala ny ankabeazan'ny vahoaka fa indrindra indrindra, fametrahana haharitra ny lasitra iray mora mifandray amin'ny manodidina sy indraindray tsy takatra loatra izay nahatonga ny fiahiana ara-tsosialy ho ny tena votoaty fa tsy fanampiny fotsiny ao anatin'ny olana saro-bahan'ny maha-izy ny tena manoloana ny sehatra manara-penitra. |
30 | The very technical and often extremely formal systems were conceived outside of these populations and were not part of a national plan for integrated development… | Ireo kisary teknika loatra ary indraindray diso manara-penitra loatra dia narafitra teny ivelan'ireo vahoaka ka tsy mifanaraka amin'ny drafi-pirenena ho fampandrosoana ifotony.. |
31 | Some successful implementations | Ohatranà fahombiazana tsy azo odian-tsy hita |
32 | Before Mali was shaken by the current political crisis, the country had made considerable progress with regard to social protection and healthcare coverage. | Talohan'ny olana politika mandronjona azy ankehitriny, Mali dia nahavita dingana goavana tamin'ny resaka fiahiana ara-tsosialy sy ny fandraisana an-tànana ny fitsaboana. |
33 | This video of a project to improve the treatment of diabetes in Mali by the NGO Santé Diabète Mali, shows an example of social action with a strong impact on healthcare coverage: | Ity lahatsary ity dia ohatra iray maneho ny hetsika ara-tsosialy miaraka amin'ny fantraikany mafonja amin'ny resaka fandraisana an-tànana ny fitsaboana : Tetikasa fanatsarana ny fandraisana an-tànana ny diabeta tao Mali, nataon'ny ONG Santé Diabète Mali |
34 | Mandatory health insurance was established in Mali in 2010. | Ny tsy maintsy handraisana an-tànana ny aretina dia napetraka tamin'ny 2010 tao Mali. |
35 | This program enabled better protection for poor and marginalized populations, but did not reinforce the two other pillars of social welfare in Mali: the development of production infrastructure and the consolidation of structural adjustments. | Io fandaharan'asa io dia nahafahana niaro tsara ireo vahoaka vitsy an'isa sy voahilikilika [en] saingy tsy afaka nahafahana nanamafy ireo andry roa hafa amin'ny resa-piahiana ara-tsosialy tao Mali izay ny fampandrosoana ny foto-drafitrasam-pamokarana sy ny fanamafisana ny resaka fanitsiana ara-drafitra. |
36 | Funding remains one of the major obstacles affecting the sustainability of these social programs. | Mitoetra ho iray amin'ireo olana goavana sedraina amin'ny fiantohana ireny fandaharanasa sosialy ireny ny resaka loharanom-bola. |
37 | The foundation for social welfare in Burkina Faso meanwhile is currently being built. | Misy fototra mafy ho an'ny fiahiana ara-tsosialy izao an-dàlam-pametrahana azy ao Burkina Faso . |
38 | The basic principle of a social protection system rests on two essential tools: services and transfers. | Ny foto-kevitra ijoroan'ity fototra mafy ho an'ny fiahiana ara-tsosialy ity dia miankina amin-javatra roa tena lehibe: ny tolotra sy ny famindram-pitantanana. |
39 | Olivier Louis dit Guérin defines these tools [fr]: | Olivier Louis antsoina hoe Guérin dia manazava ny votoatin'ireo fitaovana roa ireo : |
40 | - Services: Geographic and financial access to essential services, such as water, decontamination, health, diet, education, housing, savings, insurance - Transfers: Welfare payments to children, seniors and working individuals who earn less than what is needed to have the essential services identified above. | - fahafahana miditra ara-jeografika sy ara-bola amin'ireo tolotra tena ilaina : rano, fanajariana, fahasalamana, sakafo, fanabeazana, fonenana, tahiry, fiantohana - famindràm-bola ara-tsosialy arotsaka ho an'ny ankizy, ny zokiolona sy ireo olona mamokatra nefa tsy manana fidiram-bola ampy hahazoana ireo tolotra tena ilaina voalaza tetsy aloha. |
41 | In a study comparing the social welfare systems of Rwanda and Burundi, Solidarité Mondiale offers the following conclusions on social welfare in these two neighboring countries [fr]: | Tanaty fanadihadiana iray fampitahàna an'ireo rafitra fiahiana ara-tsosialy ao Roandà sy Borondi, ny Solidarité Mondiale dia manome ny famintinana manaraka etoana momba ny fiahiana ara-tsosialy any amin'ireo firenena roa mpifanolo-bodirindrina ireo : |
42 | The study comparing the social protection systems of Rwanda and Burundi clearly shows that Rwanda has already made significant strides in this key sector that are today bolstered by a strong political will and that benefit from the support of the staff of the technical support unit (CTAMS-la Cellule Technique d'Appui aux Mutuelles de Santé) within the Ministry of Health. | Ny fanadihadiana nampitahàna ireo rafitra fiahiana ara-tsosialy ao Roandà sy Borondi dia nampiseho mazava fa Roandà dia efa nahavita dingana lehibe amin'io sehatra io izay tohanan'ny finiavana politika goavana amin'izao fotoana izao ary mahazo ny tolo-tànana betsaka avy amin'ny Cellule Technique d'Appui aux Mutuelles de santé ao anivon'ny Ministeran'ny Fahasalamana. Ny fifamenoana izay tena amporisihan'ny fanjakana fatratra, eo amin'ny rafitra avy amin'ny fanjakana momba ny fiahiana ara-tsosialy, izay mandalo fanavaozana indrindra amin'izao fotoana, sy ireo rafitra tsy miankina fifanohanana ara-pahasalamana izay tena efa lasa lavitra tokoa any Roandà, dia tena tosika manana ny lanjany tokoa amin'ny dingana fanamafisana sy fanapariahana ireo rafitra fiahiana ara-tsosialy [..] |
43 | The government strongly encourages extremely sophisticated collaboration among the state system of social protection, current reforms, and the system of community-based health insurance. | I Borondi, taorian'ny ady nitarazoka, dia tsy afaka nanamafy ireo rafitra fiahiana ara-tsosialy efa nisy mba ho fanitarana azy ireny any amin'ny faritra tsy manara-penitra sy any ambanivohitra. |
44 | This collaboration is a very important trump card in the process of strengthening and extending the social protection systems […] Burundi, following a lengthy war, could not support the existing systems in order to extend them to the informal and rural sectors. | |
45 | Nevertheless, certain private initiatives have made remarkable advances in this field. | Na izany aza, nahavita dingana lehibe ireo fandraisana andraikitry ny tsy miankina tamin'io sehatra io. |
46 | If it wants to ensure ownership and sustainability, Burundi should encourage the prioritization of social protection systems through strong popular participation. | Tokony handrisika azy amin'izany i Borondi mba hanome tombony ireo rafitra fiahiana ara-tsosialy misy firotsahan'ny olona betsaka, raha tiany ny hiantoka ny fandovany izany sy ny faharetany. |
47 | It may be tempting to put in place a system of universal coverage, largely supported by external donors. | Araka izany, mety ho avo dia avo tokoa ny fitsiriritana hametraka amin'ny fomba malaky rafitra iray ho fiahiana ny daholobe ary mahazo fanohanana betsaka amin'ireo mpamatsy vola avy any ivelany. |
48 | The withdrawal of funds by such donors could quickly lead to a disaster, as has already been the case for some provinces in the country. | Ny fisintahana'ireo mpamatsy vola toy ireny dia mety hitondra malaky mankany amin'ny zava-doza toy ny efa hita tany amin'ny faritany sasany tao amin'ny firenena. |