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1 | 90% of Madagascar Lives On Less Than Two Dollars a Day. | 90 % -n'i Madagasikara No Tsy Mandray Afa-tsy 2 Dolara Isanandro. |
2 | Why? | Fa Nahoana? |
3 | Less than two months from the country's planned election date, there are several questions being asked about the future of Madagascar. | Roa volana latsaka alohan'ny fotoana kasaina hanaovana ny fifidianana ao amin'ny firenena, mbola maro ireo fanontaniana mikasika ny hoavin'i Madagasikara. |
4 | In the first installment of our examination of the Malagasy crisis, we discussed the political obstacles that stand in the way of a long-term solution to the crisis. | Tamin'ny fizarana voalohan'ny fanadihadihana nataonay momba ny krizy Malagasy dia niresaka momba ireo sakana ara-politika mibahana ny famahana maharitra ny olana izahay. |
5 | In this chapter, we will discuss the socio-economic decline of the island; its causes (which are not exactly as clear-cut as some may think); and the solutions that ought to be considered. | Amin'ity fizarana faharoa ity kosa isika dia hiresaka ny fitontonganan'ny fiainana sosialy sy ara-toekarenan'ny nosy; ny antony (izay tsy voatery ho araka ny eritreritry ny sasany); sy ireo vahaolana tokony hosaintsainina. |
6 | The Toliara market - from Wikimedia CC-NC-BY 3.0 | Tsenan'i Toliara - Nalaina tao amin'ny Wikimedia CC-NC-BY 3.0 |
7 | Political impasse and economic decline | Fikatsoana politika sy fitontonganan'ny toekarena |
8 | The political crisis and the abrupt economic decline of Madagascar are very closely linked. | Misy fifandraisany akaiky ny krizy ara-politika sy ny fitontonganana tampoky ny toekaren'i Madagasikara. |
9 | Nevertheless, the four years spent in a deadlock do not fully explain the chronic poverty in the country. | Na izany aza, tsy ampy hanazava feno ny fahantrana goavana misy ao amin'ny firenena ireo efa-taona nikatsoana ireo, fa hojerentsika ny amin'izany atsy aorana kely. |
10 | The consequences of the political crisis on the population are undeniable. | Tsy azo lavina ny vokatry ny krizy politika eo amin'ny vahoaka. |
11 | Madagascar is currently the poorest country in the world with 90 percent of its population living on less than two US dollars per day. | I Madagasikara no firenena mahantra indrindra eran-tany amin'izao fotoana izao, miaraka amin'ny 90 isanjaton'ny vahoakany izay mampidi-bola latsaky ny 2 dolara isanandro. |
12 | This transition has already been drawn out over four years and continues on to the detriment of the Madagascan people who are eager for the debate to shift from “who will govern” to “how are we going to get out of this crisis,” as is illustrated in the video below [fr]: | Efa naharitra efa-taona io tetezamita io ary mbola mitohy izany ka manimba ny vahoaka izay maika amin'ny hialan'ny adihevitra avy amin'ny ” iza no hitondra” mankany amin'ny “ahoana no ialantsika amin'ity krizy ity”, tahaka ny haseho anatin'ity lahatsary eto ambany eto ity [fr]: |
13 | The statistics are hard to argue with: the consequences of the political crisis on the people of Madagascar [fr] are tragic and have plunged the majority of the population into an indescribable poverty. | Tsy azo hiadian-kevitra ireo antontan'isa: mampalahelo ny vokatry ny krizy politika eo amin'ny vahoaka Malagasy [fr] ary nampiditra ny ankamaroan'ny mponina tanatinà fahantrana tsy hita ho hazavaina. |
14 | The report from the World Bank breaks down [fr] the different areas that have been struck by this crisis: | Milaza amin'ny antsipirihany [fr] ireo faritra samihafa voakasik'io krizy io ny tatitry ny Banky Iraisam-pirenena [fr]: |
15 | The number of out-of-school children has increased, possibly by more than 600,000. | Nitombo ho efa 600.000 mahery ny isan'ireo zaza tsy mandalo fianarana. |
16 | Acute child malnutrition remains critical, having increased in some areas by more than 50 percent. | Mijanona ho olana lehibe ny tsy fahampian-tsakafo henjana mahazo ny zaza, nitombo ho 50 isan-jato mahery izany tany amin'ireo faritra sasantsasany. |
17 | Numerous health care centers have closed […] Tax revenues are falling, tax evasion has increased, and the capacity to hold the line on overall spending is strained […] 60 percent of the rice crop is endangered. | Toeram-pitsaboana maro no nakatona [..] mihena ny vola azo amin'ny hetra, nitombo kosa ny hosoka amin'ny hetra, ary nihena ny fahafaha-mitazona ny haavon'ny fandaniana amin'ny ankapobeny [..] 60 isan-jaton'ny voka-bary no tandindonin-doza. |
18 | Here too, the political crisis acts as an impediment to mounting an appropriate response. | Vato misakàna ho an'ny fametrahana valinteny sahaza amin'izany ny krizy politika. |
19 | The crisis (and those responsible for it) has certainly been damaging to the country, but the real underlying causes of the country's economic decline and poverty are not to be found in this debacle. | Tena namotika ny firenena ny krizy (sy ireo m'adraikitra amin'izany), fa tsy hita anatin'ity faharavana lehibe ity ireo tena anton'ny fitontonganan'ny firenena sy ny fahantrana. |
20 | After all, chronic poverty has haunted this country since well before 2009. | Satria tokoa, efa nanjaka teo amin'ny firenena taloha lavitra ny 2009 ity fahantrana lalina ity. |
21 | The causes of the crisis and the foreseeable solutions | Ireo anton'ny krizy sy ireo vahaolana azo eritreretina |
22 | A study led by Mireille Razafindrakoto, François Roubaud and Jean-Michel Waschberger revisits some 50 years of economic history of Madagascar and attempts to draw out the causes of an apparently persistent economic malaise. | Misy Fikarohana iray notarihan'i Mireille Razafindrakoto, François Roubaud sy Jean-Michel Waschberge miverina mandinika ny tantaran'ny toekarenan'i Madagasikara tanatin'ny 50 taona mahery ary mikasa ny hamoaka ireo antony mahatonga ny tsy fahatomombanana maharitry ny toekarena. |
23 | The article, which is entitled “L'enigme et le paradoxe” (The Enigma and the Paradox) [fr], states that there are no specifically identifiable causes that can explain the country's decline, but rather, that the cycle of social unrest is due to a fragmentation of classes and an inertia surrounding any idea of progressing to a more inclusive society (A PDF of the full study is available here) [fr]. | Io lahatsoratra io, izay mitondra ny lohateny hoe “L'enigme et le paradoxe” (Ny ankamantatra sy ny paradoksa ) [fr] dia manambara fa tsy misy ireo antony manokana voafaritra mety afaka hanazava ny fitontonganan'ny firenena, fa ny tsy fahatomombanana ara-tsosialy miverimberina kosa dia vokatry ny fitsinjarazaran'ny sokajy sy ny tsy fihetsehana manoloana ny hevitra hivoarana mankany aminà fiarahamonina miray kokoa ( (eto ny fijerena ilay fikarohana iray manontolo amin'ny endriny PDF) [fr]. |
24 | The Malagasy Enigma: Graph of the GDP Growth of various African countries (courtesy the public presentation of the study) | Ny ankamantatra Malagasy: Fampisehoana an-tsary ny Fitomboan'ny arin-karena Faobe an'ireo firenena Afrikana samihafa ( sary nalaina tamin'ny fanehoana ampahibemaso ilay fikarohana ) |
25 | In fact, the study focuses on the natural tendency towards centralization and the tendency of various authorities in Madagascan society to personalize power. | Ny tena marina dia mifantoka amin'ny firehana voajanahary manoloana ny fampivangongoam-pahefana sy ny fironan'ireo manam-pahefana samihafa ao anatin'ny fiarahamonina Malagasy mba hanomezana ny fahefana ho an'olon-tokana io fikarohana io. |
26 | This type of appropriation of power, along with the growing exclusivity of the elites in relation to the rest of the country has a tendency give rise to political instability and calls into question the legitimacy of institutions. | Io karazanà fakàna fahefana io, miaraka amin'ny fitomboan'ny fitokana-monin'ireo avara-pianarana raha oharina amin'ny sisan'ny firehan'ny firenena dia manome toerana ny tsy fahamarinan-toerana ara-politika ary mampametra-panontaniana momba ny “fanesoram-pitokisana” amin'ireo andrim-panjakana. |
27 | As the study states [fr]: | Araka izany, izao no lazain'ilay fikarohana [fr]: |
28 | What arises from these factors is a deep fission between the elite and the rest of the population. | Ny vokatr'ireo singa ireo dia ny fisianà hantsana lalina manelanelana ireo avara-pianarana sy ny vahoaka. |
29 | In large towns, a very small group of privileged people enjoy living conditions that mirror those of the developed world (the global elite). Meanwhile the vast majority of the the population lives at a bare subsistence level and remain trapped in the cycle of poverty. | Any amin'ireo tanàn-dehibe, misitraka ny fari-piainana mampifanakaiky azy ireo amin'ny vahoakan'ireo firenena mandroso (ireo “avara-pianarana voatefin'ny fanatontoloana”) ny vondron'olona tena vitsy manana tombontsoa manokana, raha ny ankamaroan'ny mponina kosa mbola miaina amin'ny sakafo tapa-kibo sy mbola voatàna ao anatin'ny fandriky ny fahantrana. [..] |
30 | The people of Madagascar and many of those who work under-the-table are not in fact truly “captives” of the political system - in spite of the (semblance of) legitimacy that is given preemptively to whoever is the keeper of the fanjakana (traditional order and values); nor are they captives of the economic system […]. | Eny tokoa, tsy “voafatotra” tanteraka na anatin'ny rafitra politika na anatin'ny rafitra ara-toekarena ireo tantsaha Malagasy sy ireo mpiasa tena amin'ny sehatra tsy manara-dalàna, na eo aza ny fanekena (na ny fanohanana sarintsariny) atolotr'izy ireo ny mpitondra ny Fanjakana. [..] |
31 | Among all of the countries where similar questions have been asked, Madagascar is the one where the legitimacy of institutions (justice, police, fiscal government) seems to be weakest. | Anivon'ireo firenena ametrahana ireo fanontaniana mitovy ireo, ny fanekena ireo andrim-panjakan'i Madagasikara (fitsarana, mpiandro filaminana, mpandraharahan'ny fanangonan-ketra) no hita ho marefo indrindra. |
32 | This situation which is particularly worrisome bears witness to the extent of the waning confidence in the state. | Io tranga io, izay mampiahiahy manokana, dia manaporofo ny halalin'ny fahapotehan'ny fifampitokisana ao anatin'ny Fanjakana. |
33 | A study by American researcher Charlotte McDonald supports the notion that separation between the elite and the majority of the people continues to grow. | Ny fanadihadiana notarihin'I Charlotte McDonald, amerikanina mpikaroka, dia manohana ny hevitra mikasika ny fitohizan'ny fitomboan'ny hantsana misy eo amin'ny ireo avara-pianarana sy ny ankamaroan'ny vahoaka. |
34 | The study of the Madagascan census figures suggests that a significant part of the population is not even counted in the population reports. | Ny fanadihadihana ny isam-bahoaka Malagasy dia mampiseho fa misy ampahany lehibe amin'ny mponina mihitsy aza no mbola tsy voaisa anatin'ireo tatitra momba ny vahoaka. |
35 | This situation can only have a negative impact on any attempts to drive development [fr]: | Io toe-javatra io dia tsy hitondra afa-tsy fiantraikany ratsy eo amin'ny asa fampandrosoana [fr] : |
36 | The state is unaware of the existence of a large number of Madagascans and these people are inevitably under-served. | Betsaka ny isan'ny Malagasy tsy fantatry ny Fanjakana ary azo antoka fa tsy voakarakara ireo olona ireo. |
37 | It is not an exaggeration to say that without a regular census Madagascar will never be able to reach its potential. | Tsy fanitaran-dresaka ny fitenenana fa raha tsy misy fanisam-bahoaka matetika dia mety tsy hahatratra ny fatrany mihitsy i Madagasikara. |
38 | One symptom of the elite's takeover, and the disregard for the larger population can be seen in the way mining projects have been managed in recent years. | Mety ho hita eo amin'ny fomba fandrindràna ireo tetikasa fitrandrahana nandritra ny taona vitsy lasa ny famantarana iray momba ny fakàn'ny avara-pianarana ny tombontsoa avy amin'ny fitrandrahana harena ankobon'ny tany sy ny tsy fitsinjovana ny vahoaka amin'ny ankapobeny. |
39 | Jean-Luc Hariniaina and Serge Zafimahova provide some context to how Mainland Mining Company Ltd has managed its exploits of ilmenite [fr] in the region of Manakara: | Manome votoatiny vitsivitsy mikasika ny fomba nanatanterahan'ny Orinasa Mainland Mining ny fitrandrahana ilmenita [fr] tao amin'ny faritr'i Manakara I Jean-Luc Hariniaina sy I Serge Zafimahova: |
40 | The MAINLAND company has been responsible for significant irregularities even after the negligence that had been noted regarding the Environmental Specifications and Requirements for the project, and certainly regarding some measures in the laws and regulatory texts of Madagascar that concern the environment and mining. | Tompon'andraikitra taminà tsy fanarahan-dalàna goavana ny orinasa MAINLAND taorian'ny tsy firaharahiana voatsikaritra manoloana ny fanatanterahana ireo Bokin'Andraikitra momba ny Fepetra ara-tontolo iainana (CCE) sy ihany koa amin'ireo fepetran'ny lalàna sy lahatsoratra mirakitra ny lalàna Malagasy eo amin'ny lafiny tontolo iainana sy ny fitrandrahana harena an-kibon'ny tany [..] |
41 | After MAINLAND's establishment in the area, the Manakara population raised the alarm. | Nisintona ny lakolosy fanairana ny vahoakan'i Manakara manoloana ny fametrahana ny orinasa MAINLAND. |
42 | There is a call to action among the Antemoro people who hold the traditional power, the organizations and people who truly wish to fight against environmental fraud. They are fighting in the interests of the Malagasy people and the region of Vatovavy Fito Vinagny. | Misy fihetsehan'ny vahoaka Antemoro izay ahitana ireo fahefana nentim-paharazana sy ireo fahazarana ary ireo vondrona sy olona manana fandavan-tena hanohitra ny kolikoly atao amin'ny harenan'ny vahoaka malagasy sy ny faritr'i Vatovavy Fito Vinagny. |
43 | This opposition was already expressed to the leaders of the present provisional regime through written resolutions. | Efa natolotra an'ireo mpitondra ny tetezamita amin'ny endrika firaketana an-tsoratra ny fanapahan-kevitra noraisina io fanoherana io. |
44 | Nevertheless it hasn't been favorably received by those who are currently in power. | Saingy, tsy tsara fandray izany ireo mpitondra ny fanjakana amin'izao fotoana. |
45 | There is urgent need for implementing a better means of accounting for regional interests. | Ilaina maika araka izany ny fametrahana rafitra tsara hijerena ny tombo-tsoam-paritra. |
46 | In a study on the connection between work and poverty in Madagascar, Epstein et al. argue that access to a stable job (meaning, one that is outside of the black market) is one of the keys to sustainable development: | Ao anatinà fikarohana iray momba ny fifandraisana misy eo amin'ny asa sy ny fahantrana ao Madagasikara, manamarika i Epstein et al. fa iray amin'ireo fanalahidin'ny fivoarana maharitra ny fahazoana asa mitombina (izay midika ho asa ivelan'ny sehatra tsy manara-dalàna). |
47 | The study stresses the impacts on employment and incomes of improved access to credit by households, and by infrastructure investments in key sectors that can improve domestic linkages in the Madagascar economy. | Manipika ny fiantraikan'ny fahazoana famatsiam-bola natsaraina ho an'ny tokantrano eo amin'ireo asa sy ny vola miditra, sy ny fiantraikan'ny fampiasam-bola hanorenana foto-drafitrasa any amin'ireo faritra lehibe izay afaka hanatsara ny fifandraisana anatiny eo amin'ny toekarenan'i Madagasikara, io fikarohana io. |
48 | The study outlines policies that can be undertaken by the government and central banks, including loan guarantees, direct lending, and asset backed reserve requirements that can make financial assets more directly available to small producers and businesses. | Mitanisa ireo politika afaka raisin'ny governemanta sy ireo banky foibe ihany koa io fikarohana io, isan'izany ny fepetra fampidramam-bola, ny findramam-bola mivantana, sy ny fanamafisana ny renivola miasa mba hahatonga ireo loharanom-bola halalaka kokoa ho an'ireo mpamboly sy mpandraharaha madinika. |
49 | Another study, done by Mireille Razafindrakoto et al. also emphasizes that ties need to be strengthened between the state and the grassroots population in order for solutions to be created. | Manantitrantitra ihany koa ny fikarohana iray hafa nataon'I Mireille Razafindrakoto sy al. fa tokony hamafisina ny fifandraisana eo amin'ny fanjakana sy ny vahoaka madinika ho an'izay vahaolana eritreretina. |
50 | They wrap up their research by arguing [fr]: | Nofaranan'izy ireo tamin'ity fanamarihana ity ny fikarohany [fr]: |
51 | The use of violence by elite factions would cement their power. | Hanamafy ny fahefan'ireo vondron'avara-pianarana ny fampiasany hery. |
52 | One such plan would allow the gradual establishment of a stable social order, but it would also bring the abandonment of the democratic process. | Hametraka rafitra sosialy milamina kokoa miandalana ny paikady tahaka izany saingy midika ho fanilihana ny zotra demokratika. |
53 | On the other hand, the other option would be to consolidate the citizen institutions and stimulate the formation of intermediary bodies in order to (re)establish the missing link between the head of the state and the base [..] | Amin'ny lafiny hafa, ny làlana iray hafa dia ny fanamafisana ireo andrim-panjakan'ny vahoaka sy ny hanentana ny fiforonanà vondron'olona mpanelanelana mba hametraka (indray) ilay rohy tsy ampy eo amin'ny loham-panjakana sy ny vahoaka eny ifotony [..] |
54 | This second option is, in our view feasible, and clearly more desirable, however it would be more difficult to implement and, above all would require time. | Raha ny hevitray manokana dia azo tanterahina io làlana faharoa io, ary tsara kokoa, na dia mety ho sarotra sy hilàna fotoana aza ny fametrahana azy. |
55 | It would need the establishment of a new social contract between the governing elite and the general population of Madagascar | Mitaky ny fananganana fanekena vaovao ara-piarahamonina eo amin'ireo mpitondra sy ny vahoaka madinik'i Madagasikara izany. |