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1 | Drug Trade and War Against Organized Crime Create Ghost Towns in Mexico | Niteraka Tanàna Haolo ao Meksika Ny Varotra Rongony sy Ny Ady Amin'ny Fikambanan-jiolahy |
2 | Ocurague, a ghost town. | Ocurague, tanàna haolo. |
3 | This was once a school. | Sekoly izy ity taloha. |
4 | Photo courtesy of citizens of Ocurague, used with permission. | Sary nindramina avy amin'ny olom-pirenen'i Ocurague, nahazoan-dalana. |
5 | The original version of this article was written by Silber Meza and Francisco Cuamea and was published on CONNECTAS' website. | Nosoratan'i Silber Meza sy Francisco Cuamea ny dika orizinalin'ity lahatsoratra ity ary navoaka tao amin'ny tranokalan'ny CONNECTAS. |
6 | Every night, the inhabitants of Ocurague, in the Sierra Madre Occidental area of western Mexico, used to sneak away from their homes to hide among the bushes. | Isan-kalina, zatra mivoaka ny trano mba hiafina any anaty kirihitr'ala ny mponina ao Ocurague, ao amin'ny faritra Sierra Madre ao andrefan'i Meksika. |
7 | They would listen from the shadows to the explosion of weapons, the sounds of the 4×4 vehicles and the trucks that flattened the dirt tracks. | Te hihaino ny aloky ny fipoahan'ny fitaovam-piadiana, ny feon'ny fiara tsy mataho-dalana (4×4) sy ny fiarabe mibolisatra amin'ny lalan-tany mamovoka izy ireo. |
8 | When silence fell again, they would calm their fears and return to their homes. | Rehefa tonga indray fahanginana, mampitony ny tahony sy miverina any an-tokantranony ry zareo. |
9 | It was the signal that the danger had passed. | Izany no famantarana fa lasa ny loza. |
10 | For that night, at least. | Amin'izany alina izany, farafaharatsiny. |
11 | This is what life was like in 2011 in this town in the Sierra Madre Occidental, part of the municipality of Sinaloa de Leyva in the Northwest of the country and very near to Badiraguato in the State of Sinaloa. | Tahaka izany ny fiainana tamin'ny taona 2011 tao amin'ity tanànan'i Sierra Madre Andrefana, anisan'ny kaomininin'i Sinaloa de Leyva ao avaratra-andrefan'ny firenena ary mifanakaiky be an'i Badiraguato ao amin'ny Fanjakana Sinaloa ity. |
12 | The location forms part of the so-called “Golden Triangle” of the Mexican drug trade, which includes the mountainous parts of the States of Durango, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa. | Ao anatin'ny antsoina hoe “Telozoro Volamena” amin'ny varotra zava-mahadomelina Meksikana ity toerana ity, izay ahitana faritra be tendrombohitra ao amin'ny Fanjakana Durango, Chihuahua, ary Sinaloa. |
13 | As the months passed, the locals' fear grew when violence in the region spiralled into murders stemming from confrontations between organized crime groups. | Volana maro no lasa, nitombo ny tahotry ny olona ao an-toerana rehefa nivadika vono olona ny herisetra ao an-toerana noho ny fifandonana eo amin'ireo samy andian-jiolahy. |
14 | At the beginning of 2012, an armed group kidnapped and killed a young man from the neighbouring town of San José de los Hornos. | Tamin'ny fiandohan'ny taona 2012, naka an-keriny sy namono tovolahy iray avy ao an-tanàna manodidina ao San José dos Hornos ny vondrona iray mitam-piadiana. |
15 | Esperanza Hernández, a woman in her 50-s, who is originally from Ocurague and moved to the city of Guamúchil in the municipality of Salvador Alvarado in Sinaloa, remembers the following episode: | Mahatsiaro izao tantara manaraka izao i Esperanza Hernández, vehivavy teo amin'ny faha-50 taonany, teratany Ocurague ary nifindra monina tany an- tanànan'i Guamúchil ao amin'ny kaominin'i Salvador Alvarado ao Sinaloa: |
16 | When they killed that boy from San José de los Hornos the men didn't dare to go and get him, and so us women went for him, accompanied by the police inspector. | Raha namono io tovolahy avy any San José dos Hornos io izy ireo, tsy sahy nandeha haka azy ny lehilahy, ka izahay vehivavy no nandeha, niaraka tamin'ny polisy inspekitera. |
17 | They'd left a piece of paper there claiming the murder; it said that this was going to happen to all of “El Chapo's (the drug trafficker Joaquín Guzmán) ‘fingers'” (informers), because this area was now Beltrán Levya's (the brothers Marcos Arturo, Alfredo, Héctor, and Carlos Beltrán, old allies and now rivals). | Namela taratasy kely milaza ny vono olona izy ireo, izay nivaky hoe hitranga amin'ny mpanondro (mpanome vaovao) an' ‘El Chapo' (mpanao trafika zava-mahadomelina Joaquín Guzmán)” rehetra izao, satria an'ny Beltrán Levya (ireo mpirahalahy Marcos Arturo, Alfredo, Héctor, sy Carlos Beltrán, mpiara-dia taloha sy mpivahalo ankehitriny) ity faritra ity ankehitriny. |
18 | This new criminal group gave the people in the town a choice: join them, abandon their homes, or die at their hands, Hernández recalls: | Nanome safidy ho an'ny olona ao an-tanàna ity fikambanan-jiolahy vaovao ity: hiaraka amin'izy ireo, mandao ny trano fonenana, na ho faty eo am-pelatanan'izy ireo, mahatsiahy i Hernández: |
19 | They murdered an entire family. | Namono fianakaviana iray manontolo izy ireo. |
20 | Their bodies were left lying there. | Navela nitsitra teo ny vatana mangatsiakan'izy ireo. |
21 | Before he left, the inspector warned the municipal council of Sinaloa de Levya. | Nampitandrina ny filankevitra monisipalin'i Sinaloa de Levya ny inspekitera alohan'ny nialany. |
22 | It was a horrible thing to do and very difficult: imagine having to leave the bodies there, and other people having to come in fear. | Zavatra tena mampivarahontsana sy tena sarotra atao izany: alaivo sary an-tsaina ny mamela vatana mangatsiaka eo, ary matahotra ny olona hafa tonga ao. |
23 | Someone said that the Beltrán Leyvas were coming to burn the ranch and kill anyone they found there. | Nisy olona nilaza fa nahavita nandoro ny saha mihitsy ny Beltrán Leyvas ary namono izay olona rehetra hitany tao izy ireo. |
24 | Hernández talks with a vague expression, as she remembers the murders of 30 people from the area, and the exodus of 96 families that had lived in Ocurague, now reduced to a ghost town. | Miresaka somary manjavozavo i Hernández, raha mahatsiaro ny famonoana ireo olona 30 avy ao amin'ny faritra sy ny fifindra-monin'ireo fianakaviana 96 izay nonina tao Ocurague, izay efa tanàna haolo ankehitriny. |
25 | The terror became too much: Esperanza fled on January 12, 2012, along with her family and the entire town. | Nanjary be loatra ny horohoro: Nadositra tamin'ny 12 Janoary 2012 i Esperanza, niaraka tamin'ny fianakaviany sy ny tanàna iray manontolo. |
26 | She left the grocer's shop where she worked, her house, her allotment, her living. | Nandao ny fivarotana enta-madinika niasany, ny tranony, ny andraikiny, sy ny fiainany. |
27 | Everything. | Ny zava-drehetra izy. |
28 | Since then, this single mother has become an activist, fighting for the improvement of conditions for the displaced. | Nanomboka teo, nanjary mpikatroka ity reny tokan-tena, miady ho amin'ny fanatsarana ny toe-piainan'ny olona nafindra toerana, ity. |
29 | She's made a register of those who ended up in Guamúchil and has compiled a list of those who went to the north of the State, especially the families who settled in Guasave and in Choix. | Nahavita ny rejisitr'ireo niafara tao Guamúchil izy ary nanangona ny lisitr'ireo olona nankany avaratry ny Fanjakana, indrindra ireo fianakaviana nanorim-ponenana tao Guasave sy tao Choix. |
30 | The trauma caused by this exile has been huge, explains Hernández. | Goavana ny ratram-po naterak'ity sesitany ity, hoy i Hernández manazava. |
31 | To begin with there's the lack of a home and a job, and then there's the unfamiliarity of city life, where everything has a price, even water: | Raha atomboka, tsy misy ny trano sy ny asa, ary eo koa ny tsy fahafantarana ny fiainan'ny tanàna, izay misy vidiny avokoa ny zava-dehetra, na dia ny rano aza: |
32 | We cannot get used to living here: there, if you run out of gas, there's firewood. | Tsy hahavita hizatra ny fiainana eto izahay; tany aminay, raha lany ny etona, misy ny kitay. |
33 | We have chickens that produce eggs, we have meat and cheese, we have water. | Manana akoho manatody izahay, manana hena sy fromazy, manana rano. |
34 | Ocurague means “the place where the water is born”; there's a stream that never dries out. | Ocurague dia midika hoe “toerana nahaterahan'ny rano”; misy renirano tsy mba mety maina mihitsy ao. |
35 | We never run out of fruit there, but here you have to buy it! | Tsy mba lany voankazo izahay tany, saingy eto kosa, tsy maintsy mividy ianao! |
36 | The temperatures are another change: in Ocurague they lived among pine trees, but now they are suffering in temperatures of over 40 degrees Celsius. | Anisan'ny fiovana ihany koa ny maripàna: tao Ocurague, nonina tao anatin'ny hazo kesika izy ireo, fa ankehitriny, miaritra maripàna mihoatra ny 40 degre izy ireo. |
37 | Many of the displaced don't even have a fan. | Maro amin'ireo olona nafindra toerana no tsy mba manana milina fikopakopahana (ventilateur). |
38 | The majority of the exiles' demands continue to be the same as they were at the beginning: the return of their families to their towns with guarantees for their safety, or else help finding a job, education, and compensation for the lands and everything else they have lost at the hands of the drug gangs. | Mitohy tahaka ny tamin'ny voalohany ny fangatahan'ireo olona natao sesintany: ny fiverenan ‘ny fianakavian'izy ireo any an-tanindrazana miaraka ny fiantohana ny fiarovana azy ireo, na manampy azy ireo mba hahita asa, fianarana, ary onitra amin'ny tany sy zavatra hafa rehetra very teo am-pelantanan'ireo andian-jiolahin'ny zava-mahadomelina. |
39 | On March 6, 2015, Esperanza Hernández was threatened by the criminal groups and forced to flee again, this time to the country's capital, the Federal District. | Tamin'ny 6 Martsa 2015, norahonan'ny vondrona fikambanan-jiolahy i Esperanza Hernández ary voatery nandositra indray, tany an-drenivohi-pirenena, Distrika Federaly tamin'ity indray mitoraka ity. |
40 | After weeks of paperwork and with help from national human rights organisations, the Inter-American Commission for Human Rights (CIDH) awarded her and her relatives protection from the Mexican State. | Taorian'ny herinandro nanaovana antontan-taratasy sy tamin'ny fanampian'ny fikambanana mpiaro ny zon'olombelona ao an-toerana, nomen'ny Vaomiera Amerikana misahana ny zon'olombelona (CIDH) fiarovana avy amin'ny Fanjakana Meksikana izy sy ny fianakaviany. |
41 | Afterwards, she returned to Sinaloa and is now continuing to work on behalf of the displaced victims. | Rehefa afaka izany, niverina tany Sinaloa izy ary manohy miasa ho an'ireo olona niharan'ny famindran-toerana izy ankehitriny. |
42 | According to figures from the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre of the Norwegian Council for Refugees (IDMC-NRC) used by the UN, towards the end of 2013 there were at least 33.3 million refugees in the world. | Araka ny tarehimarika avy amin'ny Foibe Manaramaso ny Famindra-toerana Anatiny ao amin'ny Filan-kevitra Norveziana ho misahana ny Mpitsoa-ponenana (IDMC-NRC) izay nampiasain'ny ny Firenena Mikambana tamin'ny faramparan'ny taona 2013 dia 33,3 tapitrisa farafahakeliny no isan'ireo mpitsoa-ponenana manerantany. |
43 | The huge numbers were mostly caused by armed conflict, generalised violence, and violations of human rights. | Vokatry ny ady mitam-piadiana, herisetra ankapobeny, ary fanitsakitsahana ny zon'olombelona no mahatonga ny tarehimarika goavana. |
44 | By the end of 2013, at least 6.3 million people had been subjected to internal displacement in the Americas. | Talohan'ny faramparan'ny taona 2013, olona 6,3 tapitrisa farafahakeliny no niharan'ny famindram-ponenana anatiny tao Amerika. |
45 | The vast majority are in Colombia, where this figure has been constantly rising. | Tao Kolombia ny ankamaroany, ary tsy mitsaha-mitombo io tarehimarika io. |
46 | In Mexico, forced exile has become more common since 2006, when Felipe Calderón became President of Mexico and began a direct, military-style battle against the drug trade. | Ao Meksika, nanjary mahazatra ny fanerena an-tsesitany hatramin'ny 2006, raha lasa filohan'i Meksika i Felipe Calderón ary nanomboka ny ady miaramila mivantana miady amin'ny mpivarotra zava-mahadomelina. |
47 | In response, the criminal groups have fragmented, among them the Sinaloa cartel. | Ho setrin'izany, nizarazara ireo fikambanan-jiolahy, anisan'izy ireo ny vondron'i Sinaloa. |
48 | Since 2008, the “federation” in Sinaloa has divided: Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán Loera and Ismael “El Mayo” Zambada are now against the Beltrán Levya brothers. | Nanomboka tamin'ny 2008, nisaraka ny “Federasiona” ao Sinaloa: manohitra an'i Beltrán Levya mirahalahy avy ankehitriny i Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán Loera sy Ismael “El Mayo” Zambada. |
49 | This has led them to fight for territory all over the country, particularly the area that produces the most marijuana: the mountainous areas of Sinaloa, Durango, and Chihuahua. | Nitarika azy ireo hiady teny hofehezina manerana ny firenena izany, indrindra ny faritra mamokatra rongony marijuana be indrindra: ao amin'ny faritra be tendrombohitra Sinaloa, Durango, ary Chihuahua. |
50 | Forced displacement has not stopped since then, and despite its advancement, the Mexican State still has not implemented any clear policies to put a stop to it. | Tsy nijanona ny famindram-ponenana an-katerena nanomboka teo, ary na dia eo aza ny fampandrosoana, mbola tsy nametraka politika mazava hanakanana izany ny Fanjakana Meksikana. |
51 | Laura Rubio Díaz Leal, an academic from the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico (ITAM) and one of the few who have studied the phenomenon of displacement, criticises the Mexican government for not wanting to accept that there is a lack of security amongst the people as this would seem like an institutional weakness. | Nanakiana ny governemanta Meksikana ho tsy manaiky ny fisian'ny tsy fahampian'ny fiarovana ny olona i Laura Rubio Díaz Leal, mpianatry ny oniversite ao amin'ny Ivom-pampianarana Teknolojia Tsy Miankina ao Meksika (ITAM) ary iray amin'ireo vitsy nianatra ny trangam-piseho matetika famindram-ponenana olona izay heverina ho lesoky ny andrim-panjakana. |
52 | During Felipe Calderón's time in government, he openly denied the fact that there was a displacement problem, while (Enrique) Peña Nieto simply does not talk about it. | Nandritra ny fotoanan'i Felipe Calderón teo amin'ny governemanta, nandà ampahibemaso ny zava-misy izy fa nisy ny olana famindran-toerana, raha tsy niresaka momba izany tsotra izao fotsiny kosa i (Enrique) Peña. |
53 | I don't know which is worse, denying the topic or ignoring it. | Tsy fantatro izay ratsy, mandà ny zava-misy sa ny tsy miraharaha izany. |
54 | Since 2011, Díaz Leal has managed to document 121 instances of massive displacements in Mexico. | Hatramin'ny taona 2011, nahavita fanadihadiana 121 momba ny famindran-toerana faobe tao Meksika i Diaz Leal. |