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1 | Africa: Moving Beyond the Resource Curse | Afrika: Hialàna Amin'ny Ozon'ny Harena An-kibon'ny Tany |
2 | ‘Resource curse' - for many African countries, these two words sound both ominous and inescapable. | ‘Ozon'ny harena an-kibon'ny tany' - ho an'ireo firenena Afrikana maro, mitondra ozona sy tsy azo ialàna ireo teny roa ireo. |
3 | They also provide a logical explanation for a paradox that remains inexplicable and intolerable for many observers: ‘Why is it that African nations endowed with many natural resources such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria or Madagascar to name a few are also plagued with endemic poverty?' | Manome fanazavana lojika ho anà hevitra izay mbola tsy hay hazavaina sy tsy azo leferina ho an'ireo mpandinika maro ihany koa ireo: ‘Maninona ireo firenena Afrikana feno harena voajanahary tahaka ny Repoblika Demokratikan'i Kongô, Nizeria na Madagasikara raha tsy hilaza afatsy vitsivitsy, no tratran'ny fahantrana raiki-tampisaka?' |
4 | The resource curse is a complex concept that strives to explain the mechanisms that drive regions rich in natural resources into long term poverty. | Sehatra iray saro-takarina ny ozon'ny otrikarena, izay natao hanazava ny fomba fiasa mitondra ireo faritra manan-karena voajanahary ho anatin'ny fahantrana mandritra ny fotoana maharitra. |
5 | In a recent article, Nobel laureate economist Joseph Stiglitz provided the following primer on the resource curse concept: | Anatinà lahatsoratra iray nivoaka vao haingana, nanome ity fanairana manaraka ity, izay mikasika ny sehatry ny ozon'ny harena an-kibon'ny tany, ilay mpahay toekarena nahazo Nobel momba ny toekarena Joseph Stiglitz: |
6 | On average, resource-rich countries have done even more poorly than countries without resources. | Raha ny salanisa, mbola mahantra lavitra noho ireo firenena tsy ahitàna otrikarena ireo firenena izay manana izany harena izany. |
7 | They have grown more slowly, and with greater inequality - just the opposite of what one would expect […] Three of the curse's economic ingredients are well known: | Miadana ny fitombon'izy ireo, ary miharihary ny tsy fitoviana - mifanohitra tanteraka amin'ny eritreretin'ny olona […] be mpahafantatra ny telo amin'ireo singa ara-toekarena mamorona ny ozona: |
8 | Moreover, resource-rich countries often do not pursue sustainable growth strategies. | Ankoatra izay, matetika dia tsy manaraka paikady fivoarana maharitra ireo firenena manan-karena an-kibon'ny tany. |
9 | They fail to recognize that if they do not reinvest their resource wealth into productive investments above ground, they are actually becoming poorer. | Tsy tonga saina izy ireo hoe rehefa tsy averiny ampiasaina aminà fotodrafitrasa mamokatra hita maso ety ambonin'ny tany ny vokatr'ireo harena an-kibon'ny tany azony , dia mampahantra azy hatrany. |
10 | Political dysfunction exacerbates the problem, as conflict over access to resource rents gives rise to corrupt and undemocratic governments. | Manampy trotraka ny olan'ny tsy fahatomombanana ara-politika, satria miteraka fiakaran'ireo governemanta mpanao kolikoly sy tsy demaokratika ny fifandirana eo amin'ny fahazoana ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'ny harena an-kibon'ny tany. |
11 | Land construction in Madagascar. | Fanamboarana tany any Madagasikara. |
12 | Photo by Foko Madagascar, used with the author's authorization | Sary an'ny Foko Madagascar, nampiasaina teo ambany famelàn'ny tompony |
13 | The list above could describe the situation of many countries, the majority of them on the African continent. | Mety hamaritra ny toerana misy ireo firenena maro ity lisitra eto ambany ity, avy amin'ny kaontinanta Afrikana ny ankamaroan'izy ireo. |
14 | The question on many citizens' and scholars' minds is, what are the solutions? | Ny fanontaniana mibahan-toerana anatin'ny sain'ny vahoaka sy ireo maro nahita fianarana dia ny hoe “inona ary no vahaolana”? |
15 | Nigeria | Nizeria |
16 | Nigeria covers 923,768 kilometres square and possesses oil reserves estimated at 35 billion barrels (5.6×109 m3) and natural gas reserves well over 100 trillion cubic feet (2,800 km3). | Mandrakotra 923.768 km² i Nizeria ary manana tahirina solika tombatombanana eo amin'ny 35 lavitrisa barika (5.6×109 m3) eo ho eo sy entona voajanahary mihoatra ny 100 ‘trillion cubic feet' (2.800 km3). |
17 | Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in Sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). | Nizeria no mpiara-miasa be indrindra amin'i Etazonia amin'ny resaka varotra any Afrika atsimon'i Sahara ary manome azy ampaha-dimin'ny solikany (11% amin'ireo fanafàrana solika). |
18 | Nigeria is currently experiencing a major economic boom but was for a while was the poster nation for misuse of natural resources. | Amin'izao fotoana izao dia miatrika fivelarana ara-toekarena goavana i Nizeria, nefa nandritra ny fotoana maharitra dia izy no firenena nisongadina indrindra noho ny tsy fahaiza-mampiasa ny harena voajanahary. |
19 | In the book ‘The Political Economy of Poverty, Equity and Growth: Nigeria and Indonesia‘, economists David Bevan, Paul Collier and Jan Willem Gunning examine the diverging economic fortunes of Indonesia and Nigeria between the 1950s and the late 1990s: | Anatin'ny boky ‘The Political Economy of Poverty, Equity and Growth: Nigeria and Indonesia‘ (Ny Toekarena Ara-politkan'ny Fahantràna, ny Fitoviana ary ny Fandrosoana), mandinika ireo harena ara-toekarena misandrahaka any Indonezia sy Nizeria ny taona 1950 ka hatramin'ny faramparan'ny 1990 ireo mpahay toekarena David Bevan, Paul Collier ary Jan Willem Gunning: |
20 | They emphasize a variety of factors related to these countries respective economic, political and social structures. | Mamaritra karazanà singa mifandray amin'ny toekarena, politika ary rafitra sosialin'ireo firenena ireo tsirairay avy izy ireo. |
21 | The first is the fact that Indonesia was more vulnerable to fluctuations in world food prices than Nigeria from the 1950s to the 1980s because it was a major importer of rice. | Ny voalohany dia ny fahitàna fa niharanà fiovaovàna kokoa tamin'ny vidin-tsakafo maneran-tany noho i Nizeria i Indonezia tamin'ny taona 1950 ka hatramin'ny 1980 satria mpanafatra vary betsaka izy. |
22 | This made the Indonesian government more concerned about promoting agricultural development than the Nigerian government. | Nahatonga ny governemanta Indoneziana nisaina kokoa ny amin'ny fanandratana ny fampandrosoana ny fambolena mihoatra noho ny governemanta Nizeriana izany. |
23 | The second is that the Indonesian government was more responsive to the poor because the Indonesian army, saw itself as having a ‘dual function' - that is, a responsibility for socio-political as well as military tasks. | Ny faharoa dia satria mamaly ny mahantra kokoa ny governemanta Indoneziana noho ny miaramila Indoneziana nahatsiaro tena ho manana ‘asa roa'' - dia ny andraikitra amin'ny sosialy sy politika ary ireo asa miaramila. |
24 | The third is the fact that Indonesia's commercial elite was predominantly ethnic Chinese, a factor that made it politically vulnerable, while Nigeria's commercial elite was from the south of the country where the main opposition to the ruling elite was based. | Ny fahatelo dia satria manam-piaviana avy any Shina ny sangany indrindra ara-barotra ao Indonezia, singa iray mahatonga azy marefo ara-politika, raha avy any Atsimon'ny firenena kosa ny matanjaka ara-barotra indrindra ao Nizeria, izay itoeran'ny mpanohitra goavana indrindra ny mpitondra eo an-toerana. |
25 | This meant that the two countries' ruling elites had different incentives in relation to economic liberalization. | Nidika izany fa nanana antony samy hafa nandrisika azy ireo mpitondra mitarika ireo firenena roa raha ny resaka fanalalahana ny toekarena. |
26 | Economist Paul Collier on the consequences of exporting natural resources for Africa. | Miresaka mikasika ireo fiantraikan'ny fanondranana loharano voajanahary eo amin'i Afrika ny mpahay toekarena Paul Collier. |
27 | Video by Carnegie Council | Lahatsary an'ny Carnegie Council |
28 | Nigeria has now embraced economic liberalization and put the emphasis on the development of the private sector to boost its economy and has shown a steady 8% growth for the past six years. | Amin'izao fotoana izao dia nirotsaka anatin'ny fanalalahana ny toekarena i Nizeria ary manao ho laharam-pahamehana ny fivoaran'ny sehatra tsy miankina mba hanosehana ny toekareny ka nahitàny fivoarana 8% tsy miova nandritra ireo enin-taona lasa. |
29 | However, many natural resources such as natural gas, coal, bauxite, tantalite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, niobium, lead and zinc are still underexploited. | Na eo aza izany, mbola maro ireo loharano voajanahary tahaka ny entona voajanahary, arintany, bauxite, tantalite, volamena, tin, vy, calcaire, niobium, firaka sy ny varahina no tsy voatrandraka araka ny tokony ho izy. |
30 | Liberalization certainly cannot solve on its own the resource curse. | Tsy afaka hamaha samy irery ny ozon'ny otrikarena ny fanalalahana. |
31 | For waste of resources to be further alleviated, other measures must be considered, as academics Subramanian and Martin argue: | Mba hampiatoana ny fandanindaniam-poana ireo harena an-kibon'ny tany ireo, tsy maintsy misaina fepetra hafa, tahaka ny voalazan'ireo manam-pahaizana Subramanian sy Martin : |
32 | Madagascar | Madagasikara |
33 | Madagascar is one of the poorest countries of the world and despite its many natural resources (including raffia, fishing and forestry) , it is mainly known for its mismanagement of arable lands. | I Madagasikara dia iray amin'ireo firenena mahantra indrindra eran-tany, na eo aza ny loharano voajanahary maro ananany (isan'izany ny rofia, trondro ary ny fitrandrahana ny ala), fantatra indrindra izy noho ny tsy fahaiza-mitantana ireo tany famboleny. |
34 | Marc Bellemare wrote in recent paper (July 2012) on land rights in Madagascar: | Nanoratra i Marc Bellemare tanatinà lahatsoratra vao haingana izay (Jolay 2012) mikasika ireo zo amin'ny fananan-tany ao Madagasikara: |
35 | Because untitled and uncultivated lands officially belong to the state, half a million requests to obtain government lands are pending. (..) | Satria fananam-panjakana ireo tany tsy misy baorina sy tsy misy voly, miantona ireo fangatahana an-tapitrisany maro hahazo ireo tanin'ny governemanta. (..) |
36 | The central government agency in charge of land tenure is overwhelmed. | Rempotra ny masoivohon'ny governemanta foibe miandraikitra ny resaka tany. |
37 | The land titling system is bankrupt and that many landowners feel insecure on their own lands. | Banky rompitra ny rafitra fanomezana taratasy fananan-tany ary maro ireo tompon-tany no mahatsapa tena ho tsy voaaro amin'ny taniny manokana. |
38 | Furthermore, land conflicts occur frequently, acquiring a land title is practically impossible without bribing the relevant authority figures, and landowners appear to have little to no incentive to invest in their own plots. | Ankoatra izany, miseho matetika ny ady tany, sarotra dia sarotra ny mahazo taratasy fananan-tany raha tsy manao risoriso amin'ny manam-pahefana tompon'andraikitra, ary toa tsy manana ny faharisihana handany vola amin'ny taniny manokana ireo tompon-tany. |
39 | Such a system is prone to invite corruption, a major factor in the further development of the resource curse. | Mampiroborobo ny kolikoly ny rafitra tahaka izany, singa iray goavana amin'ny fivoaran'ny ozon'ny otrikarena. |
40 | Solutions to prevent the resource curse were discussed by the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI) back in 2007: | Niadian'ny Hetsika Hampangarahara Ny Orinasa Mpitrandraka (EITI) hevitra io ozon'ny harena an-kibon'ny tany io tamin'ny 2007: |
41 | Madagascar was committed to transparency in managing revenues from Madagascar's resources. | Nirotsaka tanatin'ny mangarahara i Madagasikara amin'ny fitantanana ireo vola miditra avy amin'ny harena an-kibon'ny tanin'i Madagasikara. |
42 | The GOM emphasized its continued interest in combating corruption and guaranteeing transparency in order to meet development objectives. | Manamafy ny fahalinany tsy miato amin'ny ady amin'ny kolikoly ny Governemantan'i Madagasikara ary manome toky ny mangarahara hanatratrarana ireo tanjon'ny fivoarana. |
43 | Representatives from five mining companies made official public “declarations” for EITI: Rio Tinto / QMM (ilmenite); ExxonMobil (offshore oil); Dynatech/Sherritt (nickel/cobalt); Madagascar Oil (onshore oil); and KROAMA (chrome). | Nanao “fanambarana” ampahibemaso ho an'ny EITI ireo solontena avy amin'ireo orinasa mpitrandraka harena an-kibon'ny tany dimy: Rio Tinto / QMM (ilmenite); ExxonMobil (solika an-dranomasina); Dynatech/Sherritt (nikela/cobalt); Madagascar Oil (solika ambanin'ny tany); ary ny KROAMA (krôma). |
44 | In response to a question, an industry representative explained that company reported payments and government reported revenues would be aggregated and compared by an independent body. | Ho valin'ny fanontaniana, nanazava ny solontenan'ny orinasa iray fa ireo fandoavam-bola taterin'ny orinasa sy ireo vola niditra taterin'ny governemanta dia ho ampitahaina sy hodinihan'ny vondron'olona iray mahaleontena. |
45 | The regime change in 2009 brought all those resolutions to a halt and it is unclear where Madagascar stands on the transparency issue for its mineral wealth. | Nanapaka izany tanjona izany *ny fiovan'ny fitondrana tamin'ny 2009 ary tsy mazava ny toeran'i Madagasikara eo amin'ny olan'ny fangaraharana ho an'ny harena an-kibon'ny taniny. |
46 | A World Bank report in 2010 notes that transparency on mining deals are still very tenuous, especially under the transition government: | Ny tatitry ny Banky Iraisam-pirenena tamin'ny 2010 dia manamarika fa mbola tena manify dia manify ny mangarahara amin'ireo raharaha fitrandrahana harena an-kibon'ny tany, indrindra eo ambanin'ny governemantan'ny tetezamita: |
47 | Under the transition government, the mining cadastre has allegedly been stripped of its core function, with decisions on new permit allocation being made at the discretion of politicians. | Eo ambanin'ny governemantan'ny tetezamita, toa nendahana ny asan'ny kadasitry ny fitrandrahana harena an-kibon'ny tany manontolo, miaraka amin'ireo fanapahan-kevitra mikasika ny fanomezana fahazoan-dàlana vaovao navoaka tsy nampandalovina ireo mpanao politika. |
48 | With growing demand for mining rights in Madagascar, this temptation is likely to increase. | Miaraka amin'ny fitomboan'ny fangatahana zo hitrandraka ao Madagasikara, toa hitombo ity fakàm-panahy ity. |
49 | If widespread, such rent-seeking will risk undermining investments in exploration and thus the valuation of Madagascar's mining potential in the long-term. [..] | Raha mihanaka izany, mety hiteraka hampihena ny vola enti-mitrandraka amin'ny fizahana sy ny fitsapana ny tombontsoan'i Madagasikara amin'ny fitrandrahana harena an-kibon'ny tany mandritra ny fotoana maharitra ny fitadiavam-dola ity. [..] |
50 | There is a risk that political elites will seek to renege on the fiscal framework for large-scale mining companies. | Misy risika ny amin'ny hitadiavan'ireo mpitondra politika hihemotra amin'ny sehatry ny hetra ho an'ireo orinasa mpitrandraka harena an-kibon'ny tany goavana. |
51 | Since dominant coalitions of ruling elites are fluid and continue to change, a short-term ‘survival' strategy is encouraged. | Koa satria tsy maharitra sy mbola miovaova ny fiaraha-mitantana eo amin'ireo mpitondra amin'izao fotoana, amporisihana ny paikady ‘fanavotana' mandritra ny fotoana fohy. |
52 | Especially when under fiscal strain, political elites may thus place their short-term interests to extract rents from industrial mining companies rather than the long-term goal of attracting future investment through credible commitments. | Indrindra rehefa eo ambanin'ny famoretana ara-ketra, mety hametraka ny fahalinany mandritra ny fotoana fohy amin'ireo vola azo avy amin'ireo orinasa indostrialy mpitrandraka ireo sangany ara-politika raha tokony hifantoka amin'ny tanjona mandritra ny fotoana maharitra hisarihana ny famatsiam-bola amin'ny hoavy avy amin'ny alalan'ireo firotsahana an-tsehatra azo antoka. |
53 | For Africa to move past corruption and the resource curse, it will clearly take several measures and sustainable efforts from several major actors, both from the private and the public sector. | Mba hialan'i Afrika amin'ny kolikoly sy ny ozon'ny harena an-kibon'ny tany, mazava fa mila mandray fepetra maro sy ezaka goavana avy amin'ireo mpandray anjara matanjaka maro, na izany avy amin'ny sehatra tsy miankina na ny an'ny fanjakana. |
54 | However fragile growth might be, it is very tangible for a few African nations rich with natural resources like Nigeria. | Na dia mety harefo aza ny fivoarana, tena misy izany ho an'ireo firenena Afrikana vitsy manan-karena an-kibon'ny tany tahaka an'i Nizeria. |
55 | This is a lead the lesser developed nations, such as Madagascar, could get inspiration from. | Làlana iray afaka hakan'ireo firenena mbola tena an-dalam-pandrosoana sahala amin'i Madagasikara tàhaka izany. |