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1 | The Consequences of India’s Lack of Toilets Go Beyond Hygiene | India : Tsy Ny Ara-Pahasalamana Ihany No Voakasiky Ny Tsy Fisian'ny Trano Fivoahana |
2 | After the alleged rape and gruesome murder of two sisters stirred the nation's conscience, a country-wide “Toilet for Every House” campaign was launched from the infamous village in Uttar Pradesh. | Rehefa nanaitra ny sain'ny fanjakana ilay heverina ho fanolanana sy ny famonoana mahatsiravina nanjo ireo mpirahavavy, dia fanentanana ‘trano fivoahana isan-tokatrano' manerana ny firenena kosa no nanomboka tany amin'ny tanàna kely malaza mampalahelo tany Uttar Pradesh. |
3 | Image by Deepak Malik. | Sary avy amin'i Deepak Malik. |
4 | Copyright Demotix (31/8/2014) | Fizakàmanana Demotix (31/8/2014) |
5 | Almost half of India's 1.2 billion people, especially those living in villages, lack flush toilet facilities inside their home and have to defecate in the open or in dry unhygienic pits. | Manodidina ny antsasaky ny mponina 1,2 lavitrisa any India, indrindra ireo monina any ambanivohitra no tsy manana trano fivoahana misy rano ao an-tranony ka voatery mangery eny an-kalamanjana na any amin'ireo lavaka maina tsy ara-pahasalamana. |
6 | This makes for more than 72% of people in rural areas. | Mponina ambanivohitra maherin'ny 72% no manao izany. |
7 | In the Baseline Survey Government Report of 2012 by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, states like Odisha (88%), Bihar (79%), Jharkhand (72%), Jammu and Kashmir (75%), and Telangana (74%) recorded a high percentage of individual households without toilets. | Ao amin'ny Tatitra voalohan'ny fanadihadian'ny governemanta tamin'ny 2012 nataon'ny Ministeran'ny Rano fisotro sy ny Fahadiovana dia ireo fanjakana toa an'i Odisha (88%), Bihar (79%), Jharkhand (72%), Jammu sy Kashmir (75%), ary Telangana (74%) no naharaketana taha ambony amin'ny tsy fananan'ny tokantrano trano fivoahana. |
8 | The practice has ultimately given rise to deepening social problems in India. | Fomba fanao izay vao mainka nampitombo be ny olana sosialy ao India. |
9 | On July 4th 2015, a 17-year-old teenager in Dumka, Jharkand, who was ashamed of defecating outdoors allegedly killed herself after her parents denied her repeated request to build a toilet. | Tamin'ny faha-4 Jolay 2015 teo, Jahrkand , zatovo iray 17 taona tany Dumka izay menatra ny mangery an-kalamanjana no namono tena rehefa nolavin'ny ray aman-dreniny ny hataka matetika nataony mba hanangana trano fivoahana. |
10 | Last year, two teenage girls in Katra Badaun District, Uttar Pradesh, were found allegedly gang raped and hanged from a tree. | Tamin'ny taona lasa, tovovavy roa tany amin'ny distrikan'i Katra Badaun, Uttar Pradesh, no hita ary heverina fa voaolan'ny olona maromaro ary nahantona tamin'ny hazo. |
11 | It was reported that the girls had gone to relieve themselves at night in the open and had not returned. | Voalaza fa nivoaka mba hanala mavesatra an-kalamanjana tamin'ny alina izy roa ireo ary tsy niverina. |
12 | Open defecation is a major reason for harassment among adolescent girls and women. | Antony lehibe mahatonga ny sotasota ara-nofo atao amin'ny tovovavy sy ny vehivavy ny fangerena an-kalamanjana. |
13 | Deforestation has made it harder to find places for open defecation in villages. | Nampananosarotra ny fitadiavana toerana hangerena any ambanivohitra ny fandripahana ny ala. |
14 | Young girls and women are trying to find their voice in an attempt to bring attention to this issue. | Miezaka miteny manandrana misintona ny saina ho amin'io olana io ireo tovovavy sy ireo vehivavy. |
15 | On 15 August 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his first Independence Day speech called for a ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' (Clean India Mission), focused on the importance of establishing proper sanitation facilities in every school in India. | Ny 15 Aogositra 2014, tamin'ny kabariny voalohany tamin'ny Fetin'ny Fahaleovantena, ny Praiminisitra Narendra Modi dia niantso hanaovana ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' iray (Iraka Hisian'i India Madio), mifantoka indrindra amin'ny maha-zava-dehibe ny fanorenana trano fivoahana isaky ny sekoly any India. |
16 | He said: | Izao no nolazainy : |
17 | This is a shame for a country that has global aspirations and that the lack of sanitary conveniences is demeaning to women. | Henatra ho an'ny firenena izay manana faniriana mahenika izao tontolo izao izany, ary fanalàna baraka ho an'ny vehivavy ny tsy fisian'ny trano fivoahana. |
18 | Some regions of India have taken this discourse more seriously than others. | Noraisin'ireo mponina tany amin'ny fariatra sasany any India ho matotra kokoa noho ny hafa ity kabary ity. |
19 | Ludhiana is set to have 100 villages free of open defecation under this scheme by 2017. | Raha araka ity drafitra ity dia tokony tsy hisy intsony ny fangerena an-kalamanjana any amin'ny tanàna 100 any Ludhiana amin'ny 2017. |
20 | Previous campaigns like ‘Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan' tried to create the ‘demand of toilets' but were largely unsuccessful. | Nanandrana nanao ‘ fangatahana trano fivoahana' ireo hetsika fanentanana teo aloha toy ny ‘Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan' saingy tsy nisy vokany izany. |
21 | Modi's initiative has brought this pressing concern back into the mainstream narrative. | Naverin'ny hetsika Modi ho fototry ny adihevitra amin'izao fotoana izao io olana maika io. |
22 | Reactions on social media are evident of this rising awareness: | |
23 | #ShamelessBJD 88%household in Odisha don't have toilet. http://t.co/B1aJRgWqdh | Misongadina ny fanehoan-kevitra any anaty haino aman-jery sosialy amin'io fahatsiarovan-tena misonga io : |
24 | - Srilok Nath Ratha (@snrath) June 30, 2015 | #ShamelessBJD 88%-n'ny tokantrano any Odisha no tsy manana trano fivoahana |
25 | Peeing in public lands 109 in jail for 24 hrs. | 109 no migadra 24 ora noho ny famaniana an-kalamanjana. |
26 | Not very viable cure in India where 635 million have no access to toilet. | Tsy vahaolana maharitra any India izay misy olona 635 tapitrisa tsy manana trano fidiovana izany. |
27 | - Silva Paananen (@SilvaPaananen) June 27, 2015 During a conference organised by the University of Chicago Centre in New Delhi, Nitya Jacob, the head of policy at water and sanitation NGO WaterAid, advocating “mainstreaming” water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in Indians' daily lives. | Niady ho an'ny ” fampidirana rano any an-tsekoly” sy kojakoja momba ny fahasalamana ary fahadiovana (WASH) ho an'ny fiainan'ny Indiana andavan'andro ny filohan'ny politika momba ny rano sy ny fanadiovana ao amin'ny Fikambanana Tsy Miankina WaterAid, Nitya Jacob nandritra ilay fivoriana nokarakarain'ny Oniversiten'i Chicago Centre tany New Delhi. |
28 | People are more likely to resort to defecating in open despite well- constructed toilets because it is considered healthier. | Aleon'ny olona mangery an-kalamanjana na dia efa vita tsara aza ireo trano fivoahana satria heverina fa mahasalama kokoa izany. |
29 | Providing access to clean water is another challenge that requires attention. | Fanamby iray hafa ilàna fifantohana ny famatsiana rano madio. |
30 | Experts are therefore sceptical that building more toilets alone will bring a change in sanitary habits among communities. | Misalasala noho izany ireo manampahaizana fa tsy ny fananganana trano fivoahana maro ihany no hanova ny fahazarana ara-pahadiovana eo anivon'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina. |
31 | In an article for Huffington Post India, Jacob, alongside Amitangshu Acharya, the program director for aid and development software company Avko's Asia hub, point out a different side to this problem: | Avoitran'i Jacob, miaraka amin'i Amitangshu Acharya, talen'ny fandaharan'asa amin'ny biraom-pifandraisan'ny orinasa Avko ao Azia ho fanampiana sy fampandrosoana ny rindrambaiko, ny lafiny hafa amin'io olana io : |
32 | Most engineers in government departments are men, while women are the demographic that predominantly support the building of toilets. | Lehilahy ny ankamaroan'ireo injeniera ao amin'ny sampan-draharahan'ny governemanta, fa vehivavy kosa ireo vahoaka manohana ny fanorenana trano fivoahana. |
33 | Male engineers tend to focus more on technical accuracy than on women's (and other users') need for design that caters to their privacy and menstrual hygiene management needs. | Mirona kokoa amin'ny lafiny ara-teknika ireo injeniera lehilahy raha toa ka endrika manafina ny fiainany manokana sy ny fidiovana mandritra ny fadimbolany kosa no ilain'ireo vehivavy ( sy ny hafa) izany. |
34 | They further add that the quality of toilets built make it impractical to use: | Taty aoriana namafisin-dry zareo fa tsy afaka nampiasaina ilay trano fivoahana vita noho ny kalitaony : |
35 | The angle of the toilet pan is not steep enough, or the pipe that connects the pan to the pit is not sloped properly, or the pit collapses on its own weight. | Tsy mafy tsara ny zoron'ilay koveta fivoahana, na tsy mety tsara ny firaikan'ilay fantsona mampitohy ilay koveta amin'ny lavaka, na nirodana noho ny havesany ny lavaka. |
36 | India's poor hygiene attitude is deeply influenced from their discriminatory caste system. | Mamela dindo lalina amin'ny rafi-panavakavahana ara-piarahamonina any India io fomba ratsy amin'ny resaka fahadiovana io. |
37 | Due to the lack of drainage system, manual scavenging (cleaning human waste by hand) was designated to the lowest caste called “the untouchables”, a practice that is very much prevalent among upper castes to this day. | Noho ny tsy fisian'ny rafitra fanadiovana, dia ireo ao amin'ny saranga ambany amin'ny fiarahamonina antsoina hoe ” ireo tsy fikitika” no voatendry hanao fanadiovana amin'ny tànana (famafàna ny maloton'olona amin'ny tànana), zava-panao izay efa miparitaka any amin'ireo saranga ambony amin'ny fiarahamonina amin'izao fotoana izao izany. |
38 | Sameer Kamat sheds light on this matter: | Manazava io resaka io i Sameer Kamat : |
39 | There are documented cases of manual scavenging even in big towns/villages. | Misy trangam-panadiovana atao tànana voarakitra na dia any tanàndehibe sy any ambanivohitra aza. |
40 | For example in a sample survey in Delhi in 2008, 13 people working as manual scavengers were identified. | Ohatra, olona 13 no fantatra fa manao fanadiovana amin'ny tànana tamin'ny fanadihadiana natao tany Delhi tamin'ny 2008. |
41 | Another example is Meerut, one of the prime towns of UP, only 60kms from the National Capital. | Ohatra iray hafa i Meerut, iray amin'ireo tanàna lehibe any UP, 60 km monja miala ny renivohitry ny firenena. |
42 | During a Sample Survey in Meerut in 2010, 392 Manual Scavengers were documented. | Mpanadio amin'ny tànana 392 no voarakitra tany Meerut nandritra ny fanadihadiana tamin'ny 2010. |
43 | While finding the correlation between religion and toilet use in India, Jacqueline Cieslak, PhD scholar, argues about the innovative ways adopted to abstain people from urinating in public: | Aroson'i Jacqueline Cieslak, mpianatra haka maripahaizana ‘doctorat' ny hevitra vaovao mba hisakanana ny olona tsy hamany an-kalamanjana nandritra ny fikarohana nataony momba ny fifandraisan'ny fivavahana sy ny fampiasana trano fivoahana : |
44 | […] the practice of affixing pictures of gods on the walls of public buildings in India to prevent men from urinating on them. | […] ny fomba fanao amin'ny fanantonana ny sarin'ireo andriamanitra amin'ny rindrin'ny tranom-panjakana any India mba hisakanana ireo lehilahy tsy hamany amin'izy ireny. |
45 | This is a kind of proxy faith in other people's beliefs and their readiness to change their behaviour for those beliefs - in other words, one doesn't have to believe in Hindu gods to believe that people who do believe in them won't urinate on them. | Karazana finoana indramina avy amin'ny finoan'ny hafa sy ny finiavany hanova ny fitondrantenany ho an'ireo finoana ireo izany - raha lazaina amin'ny teny hafa dia tsy voatery hino ireo andriamanitra Hindo vao hino fa tsy hamàny eny amin'izy ireny ireo olona izay mino azy ireny. |
46 | Given the facts, subsequently, one can conclude that upper castes are more likely to avail the benefits of this scheme. | Raha ny fahitàna ireo tranga ireo dia azo fehezina fa ireo saranga ambony no hahazo tombony bebe kokoa amin'io drafitra io. |
47 | Therefore, there is a need to instil awareness among communities and not just individuals on the importance of latrine hygiene to bring a change in perception. | Noho izany, ilaina ny fanentanana fampahatsiarovan-tena ireo vondrom-piarahamonina, fa tsy ny tsirairay ihany, momba ny maha-zava-dehibe ny lava-piringa mba hitondra fanovàna amin'ny fomba fisainana. |
48 | This would require more funds allocated to “creating awareness” than “creating demands for toilets” in ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' programme along with assiduous monitoring to evaluate results. | Ilàna famoahana vola be noho ny ” fangatahana fanorenana trano fivoahana” anefa ny “fanaovana fanentanana fampahatsiarovan-tena” sy ny fanaraha-maso hentitra mba ahazoana manombana ny vokatra ao amin'ny fandaharanasa ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan'. |