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1Is Beirut the Codeswitching Capital of the World?Renivohitr'izao Tontolo Izao Amin'ny Fanaovana Teny Vary Amin'Anana Ve i Beirut ?
2A postcard in a mix of French, Arabic and English that reads, “I love you, my dear, so much.”Karatra fandefa paositra ahitàna fifangaroana teny Frantsay, Arabo ary Anglisy, izay mivaky hoe, “Tiako ianao, ry malalako, tiako be.”
3Spotted at Tawlet Souk el Tayeb Restaurant in Mar Mkhael, Beirut.Hita tao amin'ny Trano fisakafoana Tawlet Souk el Tayeb ao Mar Mkhael, Beirut.
4Photo by Flickr user Ted Swedenburg.Sary an'i Ted Swedenburg, mpampiasa Flickr.
5CC BY-NC 2.0CC BY-NC 2.0
6This article and radio report by Dalia Mortada for The World originally appeared on PRI.org on October 5, 2015, and is republished here as part of a content-sharing agreement.Ny 5 Oktobra 2015, nivoaka voalohany tao amin'ny PRI.org ity lahatsoratra ity sy ny tatitra anaty onjampeo nataon'i Dalia Mortada ho an'ny The World, ary naverina navoaka etoana ho ampahany amin'ny fifanarahana mifampizara votoaty.
7At this high-end organic farmer's market in downtown Beirut, buyers and sellers speak a mishmash of languages, usually Arabic and English or French.Ao amin'ity tsenan'ny tantsaha ao afovoan-tanànan'i Beirut ity, teny vary amin'anana no ifaneraseran'ny mpividy sy ny mpivarotra, mazàna dia Arabo sy Anglisy ary Frantsay.
8Listen to this story on PRI.org »Listen to this story on PRI.org »
9Just trying to pay for juice I have to switch back and forth from English to Arabic.Raha niezaka fotsiny handoa ny saran'ny zavapisotro nosotroiko aho dia tsy maintsy nisavily avy amin'ny teny Anglisy nankany amin'ny Arabo.
10The stand clerk starts in Arabic, “Here you go,” before switching in English, “these two [juices]?”Arabo no nanombohan'ilay mpitazona toeram-pivarotana, “Antsika izao,” talohan'ny nivadihana ho amin'ny Anglisy, “ireto [zavapisotro] roa ireto?”
11Pia Bou Khater is at the market with me.Eny an-tsena miaraka amiko i Pia Bou Khater.
12At the juice stand, she switches too.Eo amin'ny toerana iray fivarotana zavapisotro, dia mivadi-dela koa izy.
13“Oh, I think I have change,” she says in English, before she continues in Arabic, “3000.”“Oh, toa manana vola madinika aho,” hoy izy miteny Anglisy, alohan'ny anohizany amin'ny teny Arabo, “3000.”
14Codeswitching this way is one of the characteristics that defines life in Beirut for visitors and for many Lebanese.Ho an'ny mpitsidika sy ireo Libaney maro dia mampiavaka ny fiainana ao Beirut ny fanaovana teny vary amin'anana tahaka izany.
15“When I'm interacting with people, like buying things or trying to bargain, I rarely switch,” Pia explains.“Rehefa mifanerasera amin'ny olona aho, ohatra hoe mividy zavatra na miady varotra, dia indraindray ihany vao mivadi-dela,” hoy i Pia manazava.
16“I do try to often figure out what the green leafy thing in question is, like, oh, is this the same as that in English?“Matetika aho no miezaka mamantatra ny dikan'ny zavatra iray resahana, toy ny, oh, mitovy amin'ny an'ny teny Anglisy ve izany?
17And then the word in French comes up,” she laughs, “and I'm like oh no I don't know it in French, please stop making this difficult.”Ary dia miainga avy eo ny teny Frantsay,” mihomehy izy, “ary avy eo aho toy ny hoe oh! tsia tsy haiko ny dikany amin'ny teny Frantsay, miangavy atsaharo ity fanasarotan-javatra ity.”
18Multilingualism the way Pia knows it isn't uncommon in Beirut.Tsy mahazatra loatra ao Beirut ny hamaroan-teny tahaka izay ahafantaran'i Pia azy.
19Many people here codeswitch to varying degrees, says linguist Loubna Dimachki.Manao teny vary amin'anana daholo ny maro amin'ny olona saingy amin'ny dingana samihafa, hoy ilay mpahay momba ny teny, Loubna Dimachki.
20“Codeswitching, what does it mean?“Teny vary amin'anana, inona no dikany?
21When you're combining two languages in one sentence or in the whole interaction,” she says, before she seamlessly uses the French word, “merci,” to say thanks to our waiter.Rehefa manafangaro teny roa ianao ho anaty fehezanteny iray na ho anatin'ny fifaneraseràna manontolo,” hoy izy, alohan'ny ampiasàny tsy am-pihambahambàna ny teny Frantsay “merci,” mba hisaorana ilay mpandroso sakafonay.
22Dimachki is considered “Francophone” - meaning, her dominant second language is French.Raisina ho “Mpiteny/mampiasa teny Frantsay” i Dimachki - midika hoe, ny Frantsay no teny faharoa mitàna toerana ao aminy.
23But that's not the only reason she used “merci.”Saingy tsy izany ihany no antony nampiasàny ny teny “merci”.
24In Lebanon, hellos, thank-yous and how-are-yous are often said in French.Ao Libanona, ny arahaba, misaotra anao sy manao ahoana ianao” dia mazàna atao amin'ny teny Frantsay.
25Arabic is the core language, but kids are taught in French or English at school­.Teny fototra ny Arabo, saingy any an-tsekoly dia amin'ny teny Frantsay na Anglisy ny ankizy no ampianarina­.
26French- and English-language schools have been around since the 1800s, when Catholic and Anglican missionaries arrived in the region.Efa nisy hatrany amin'ny 1800 tany ireo sekoly amin'ny teny Frantsay na Anglisy, fony tonga tao amin'ny faritra ireo misionera Katolika sy Anglikàna.
27Then, after World War I, the French ruled Lebanon until the 1940s.Avy eo, taoran'ny Ady Lehibe Voalohany, ny Frantsay no nifehy an'i Libanona hatramin'ny 1940 tany ho any.
28But another linguist, Lina Choueri, says the regular mixing of the three languages in everyday life actually didn't happen until much later.Saingy ho an'i Lina Choueri, iray hafa mpahay momba ny teny, dia lazainy fa tsy dia nitranga loatra teo amin'ny fiainana andavanandro ny fanafangaroana ireo teny telo ireto taty aoriana, raha ny marina.
29“I just remember it being there and my father being upset about it,” she recalls.“Tsaroako fotsiny izao ny fisiany tamin'izany fotoana ary tezitra mihitsy momba azy io ny raiko,” hoy izy mahatsiahy.
30Choueri's dad's generation just communicated in Arabic.Ny teny Arabo ihany no nifaneraseran'ireo andian-taranaka tamin'ny andron'ny rain'i Choueri.
31Choueri - who went to school in the 80s - codeswitched.Nanao teny vary amin'anana i Choueri - izay niditra an-tsekoly tany amin'ny taona 80.
32“My father hated it!“Hàlan'ny raiko izy io!
33He would say, ‘When you start with a language, just stick to it!Hoy izy hoe, ‘Rehefa manomboka teny iray ianao, dia iny tazonina!
34Don't switch to another language!'”Fa tsy misabakabaka mankaminà teny hafa!'”
35Back at the market Pia agrees with Choueri's dad.Hiverenana ny tsena, miombona hevitra amin'ny rain'i Choueri i Pia.
36She's not crazy about the idea that people should be expected to know English or French.Tsy olana ho azy ny tokony hahaizan'ny olona ny Anglisy sy ny Frantsay.
37“What if you don't know the other two extra languages that come in the country?“Inona no hitranga raha tsy hainao ireo teny roa fanampiny tonga miasa eto amin'ny firenena?
38It's like linguistic racism,” Pia says.Toy ny fanavakavahana ara-teny izany,” hoy i Pia.
39English and French, even more so, were imposed through colonialism and occupation, and they're remnants of that complicated history.Nafàntsika ho ampiasaina nandritry ny fanjanahantany sy ny fibodoana ny teny Anglisy ny Frantsay, ary ny maro hafa koa aza, ary dindon'izany tantara mifamahofaho izany izy ireny.
40But linguist Dimachki sees all this code switching in a different light.Saingy aminà zoro hafa no ijeren'i Dimachki ity fivadihan-dela ity.
41The way people codeswitch in Beirut is unique.Tokana an-tàny ny fomba fampiasàna teny vary amin'anana ataon'ny olona ao Beirut.
42It's not necessarily determined by age or ethnicity, she says, and it's not relegated to home or school or the juice stand at the market.Tsy ny taona loatra, na ny foko niaviana, no mamaritra azy hoy izy, ary tsy voafetra ho an'ny tokantrano na ny sekoly na ilay toeram-pivarotana zavapisotro eny an-tsena.
43Multilingualism really is everywhere.Tena eny rehetra eny ny fanaovana teny vary amin'anana.
44Street signs are in Arabic and French, government websites often include English.Ny sorabaventy eny an'arabe, dia amin'ny teny Arabo sy Frantsay, matetika ahitàna teny Anglisy ny tranonkalan'ny governemanta.
45Menus in lots of restaurants or cafes are in all three languages, and you'll hear people switching between them.Voasoratra amin'ireo teny telo ireo ny ankamaroan'ny lisitry ny sakafo eny amin'ny toerana fisakafoana, ary renao ny olona manao teny vary amin'anana rehefa mifampiresaka izy samy izy.
46That's what makes Beirut different from cities like Barcelona, Jerusalem or Los Angeles.Izany no mampiavaka an'i Beirut amin'ireo tanàna hafa toa an'i Barcelona, Jerosalema na Los Angeles.
47A person in LA might speak Spanish at home and English at work.Mety miteny Espaniola ny olona iray ao LA rehefa any an-tranony ary Anglisy rehefa any am-piasàna.
48But in Beirut, “They're all Lebanese, talking with Lebanese, so why all this code switching?” Dimachki asks.Fa ao Beirut, “Libaney daholo izy rehetra, miresaka aminà Libaney, araka izany nahoana no misy ity fanaovana teny vary amin'anana ity?” hoy i Dimachki manontany.
49“You'll never see two French speaking to each other in German or in Spanish or Chinese, unless maybe there is a reason.“Tsy hahita mihitsy ianao Frantsay anankiroa mifampiresaka amin'ny teny Alemàna na Espaniola na teny Shinoa, raha tsy hoe misy antony manokana angaha.
50But here, it's a way of speaking in a sense.”Saingy eto, dia fomba iray ifampiresahana io.”
51Lebanese joke that this mishmash of languages is the “Lebanese mother tongue.”Mivazivazy ny Libaney hoe io fanafangaroana teny io no “tenindreny ho an'ny Libaney.”
52“When you have ‘Lebanese mother tongue,' it's part of your identity in a way,” Dimachki says.“Rehefa manana ‘Tenindreny Libaney' ianao, dia toy ny hoe ampahany amin'ny maha-ianao anao izany amin'ny lafiny iray,” hoy i Dimachki.
53“Or this is what you're claiming to be part of your identity.”” Nefa izany no antsoinao hoe ampahany amin'ny maha-ianao anao.”
54There's even a Lebanese mother tongue T-shirt: “Hi.Misy aza T-shirt iray amin'ny tenindreny Libaney : “Hi.
55Keefak?Keefak?
56Ca va?” it reads - greetings in English, Arabic and French.Ca va?” no misoratra eo - fiarahabàna amin'ny teny Anglisy, Arabo ary Frantsay.
57My friend Pia calls it “the bastard sentence that sums it all up.”“Fehezanteny safiotra mamintina ny zavatra rehetra” no iantsoan'ny namako, Pia, azy io.