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1 | East Timor: Building One Country Out of Many Languages | Timor Atsinanana: Manangana Firenena Iray Avy Amina Fiteny Maro |
2 | This post is part of our special coverage Languages and the Internet. | Ity dia anisan'ny lahatsoratra manokana ataoany mikasika ny Fiteny sy ny Aterineto. |
3 | On November 28, 1975, Timor Leste unilaterally proclaimed its independence, after nearly four centuries of Portuguese colonization. | Tamin'ny 28 Novambra 1975, nanambara samirery ny fahaleovantenany i Timor Leste taorian'ny fanjanahantany Portigezy efa ho taonjato efatra. |
4 | Though the declaration was read in Portuguese, only a few days after, Indonesia invaded the country and the use of that same language would be forbidden for the twenty four years that the occupation lasted (1975-1999). | Na dia novakiana tamin'ny teny Portigezy aza ny fahaleovantena, dia andro vitsy taorian”izay, dia niakaran'i Indonezia ary ny firenena ary noraràna ny fampiasana io teny io nandritra ny efatra amby roapolo taona, fotoana naharetan'ny fanjakazakana (1975-1999). |
5 | When East Timor became an independent country in 2002, both the Tetum and Portuguese languages were chosen as official for the newborn country. | Samy nofidiana ho fiteny ofisialy avokoa na ny Tetum na ny fiteny Portigezy ho an'i Timor Atsinanana izay firenena vao teraka raha nahazo ny fahaleovantenany izy tamin'ny taona 2002. |
6 | Nevertheless, the number of national languages is up to 16, and dozens of other dialects are used on a daily basis by Timorese citizens. | Na izany aza, maherin'ny 16 ny isan'ny fiteny nasionaly, ary roambinifolo mahery ny isan'ireo tenim-paritra hafa ampiasain'ireo mponina Timorezy amin'ny andavanandro. |
7 | Idiom(s) of identity | Fiteny famantarana |
8 | Hau nia lian, hau nia rain (My language my homeland). | Hau nia lian, hau nia rain (Ny teniko ny taniko). |
9 | Photo by Sapo Noticias Timor Leste (public domain). | Sary nalain'i Sapo Noticias Timor Leste (sehatra ho an'ny daholobe). |
10 | In practice, Tetum, the lingua franca of East Timor, is the most widely spoken throughout the territory. | Raha ny fomba fanao, ny Tetum, ny teny fampiasan'i Timor Atsinanana, no tena be mpampiasa manerana ny fanjakana. |
11 | On the other hand, “Portuguese is not the language of unity, but it is the language of identity”, said Mari Alkatiri, the leader of Fretilin (the opposition party), in an article [pt] from 2007 by the Portuguese journalist Paulo Moura, republished on the blog Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa (Cyberdoubts of Portuguese Language). | Etsy andanin'izany kosa, “tsy ny Portigezy akory no teny fampiasa iraisana fa kosa izy no fiteny famantarana “, hoy i Mari Alkatiri, mpitarika ny Fretilin (antoko mpanohitra), tanàty lahatsoratra iray [pt] tamin'ny 2007 avy amin'ilay mpanao gazety Portigey Paulo Moura, izay navoaka indray toa amin'ny bilaogy Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa. |
12 | Moura further explains why after the independence there is an “overwhelming majority of the population” that does not speak Portuguese: | I Moura kosa manazava lavidavitra ny antony nahatonga ny ” hamaroan'ny vahoaka tsy misy toy izany” izay tsy miteny Portigezy taorian'ny fahaleovantena: |
13 | They learned Bahasa Indonesia and English as second languages and they speak Tetum at home, besides any other Timorese language, as Fataluku or Baikeno. | Nianatra ny Bahasa Indonezia sy teny Anglisy izy ireo ho fiteny faharoa ary miteny Tetum izy ireo any an-tranony, fanampin'ireo teny Timorezy hafa, toy ny Fataluku na Baikeno. |
14 | It is the so-called “Tim-Tim” generation, from the name Timor-Timur, that Indonesians called their 27th province. | Antsoina hoe andian-taranaka “Tim-Tim” izy ireo, avy amin'ny anarana hoe Timor-Timur, izay antsoin'ireo Indoneziana hoe ny faritanin'izy ireo faha 27. |
15 | Many have studied in Indonesia or in Australia, and it is difficult to explain to them, nowadays, the importance of Portuguese. | Maro ireo nianatra tany Indonezia na tany Aostralia, ary amin'izao fotoana izao, sarotra ny manazava amin'izy ireo ny lanjan'ny teny Portigey. |
16 | Even worse, as they see that the privileged political elites speak Portuguese, and as their access to employment in the public administration is barred because they don't speak the now official language, these youngsters have developed some hostility towards Portugal and Portuguese language. | Mbola ratsy kokoa aza, noho ny fahitan'izy ireo fa miteny Portigey ireo lehibe manan-danja ara-politika, ary koa voasakana ny fidiran'izy ireo amin'ny sehatry ny asa fitantanana ara-panjakana satri izy ireo tsy mahay ny fiteny ofisialy amin'izao fotoana, nitombo tanatin'ireo tanora ireo ny fankahalana an'i Portigaly sy ny teny Portigey. |
17 | The World Bank's 2011 report on the progress of the country over the last decade illustrates that “Portuguese was spoken by only 5 percent of the population” and adds that “by 2009, more than 70 percent of students tested at the end of the first grade could not read a single word of a simple text in Portuguese. | Milaza ny tatitry ny Banky Mondialy 2011 mikasika ny fandrosoan'ny firenena nandritra ny folo taona lasa farany fa “ny 5 isan-jaton'ny olona ihany no miteny Portigey” ary hoy izy manampy “nanomboka tamin'ny 2009, maherin'ny 70 isan-jaton'ny mpianatra izay nadinina tamin'ny faran'ny diplaoma voalohany no tsy afaka namaky akory na dia teny tsotra amina teny Portigey aza. |
18 | This is a dismal record after 10 years of efforts (…). | Ity no zava-bita mahamenatra indrindra taorian'izay 10 taona niezahana izay(…). |
19 | A full cohort of the population may be functionally illiterate.” | Vondron'olona marobe amin'ny vahoaka no mety miasa nefa mety ho tsy mahay mamaky teny sy manoratra akory.” |
20 | Online documentation of languages | Fakana antontan-kevitra momba ny teny ao amin'ny aterineto |
21 | According to the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six Timorese languages threatened by extinction. | Araka ny Saritany Atlas momba ireo Teny Tandindonin-doza Manerantany avy amin'ny UNESCO , dia misy enina ireo teny Timorezy atahorana hanjavona. |
22 | Languages of East Timor. | Fiteny any Timor Atsinanana. |
23 | Map from the website Fataluku Language Project. | Sarintany avy amin'ny tranonkalan'ny Tetikasan'ny Fiteny Fataluku. |
24 | In the scale provided, Adabe (from the island of Atauro), Habu (from the Manatuto district), and Kairiu-Midiki and Naueti (from the Viqueque district), are considered vulnerable, as “most children from the areas speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains”, such as home and traditional life. | Raha ny antanan-tohatra nomena, dia ny Adabe (avy amin'ny nosy Atauro), Habu (avy amin'ny distrika Manatuto ), ary ny Kairiu-Midiki sy ny Naueti (avy amin'ny disitrikan'i Viqueque), no heverina fa tena marefo, satria “ankizy maro eo amin'ny faritra no mampiasa ireo teny ireo, nefa ao anatina sehatra voafetra ihany”, toy ny hoe any an-trano sy eo amin'ny fiainana mahazatra. |
25 | One level above is Waima'a, considered critically endangered - “children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home”. | Miakatra zanatohatra iray ny Waima'a, izay heverina ho tena tandindonin-doza fatratra - “tsy mianatra ity fiteny ity intsony ny ankizy amin'ny maha-tenindreny azy any an-trano”. |
26 | On the northeast tip of the island, Maku'a language, which according to the Atlas had only 50 speakers in 1981, is critically endangered and it may even have become extinct. | Any amin'ny tendro avaratra atsinanan'ny nosy, ny fiteny Maku'a , izay raha ny fahitan'ny Atlas azy dia olona 50 sisa no nampiasa ilay teny tamin'ny 1981, dia tena tandindomin-doza be ihany koa ary mety ho levona tanteraka mihitsy aza. |
27 | There has had only been one booklet ever published in this language. | Bokikely iray monja mba nivoaka tamin'ity fomba fiteny ity. |
28 | Some of the languages of East Timor however have been making their way into new media and online platforms, which may support their continuity. | Na izany aza, nisy ihany sasany tamin'ireo fitenin'i Timor Atsinanana no nahita ny lalany ao amin'ny haino aman-jery vaovao sy ny seha-pifaneraserana amin'ny aterineto, izay mety mbola hanohana tsara ny fitohizany. |
29 | Such is the case of Fataluku, a Papuan language spoken by 35,000 people in the eastern most district of Timor, which has been quite well documented on the websites Fataluku Language Project and Fataluku Community. | Hita amin'izany tranga izany izao ohatra ny Fataluku, fiteny Papuan ampiasain'ny olona miisa 35.000 any amn'ny ankamaroan'ny distrika any amin'ny faritra atsinanan'i Timor, izay misy antontan-kevitra tsara eo amin'ny tranonkalan'ny Tetikasan'ny fiteny Fataluku sy ny Firaisa-monina Fataluku. |
30 | A group of young artists from the region of Lospalos have been using it in their musical and performative works: | Ampiasain'ireo vondrona tanora mpanakanto avy any amin'ny faritr'i Lospalos ihany koa izy ity amin'ny mozikany sy ny fisehoana an-tsehatra ataony: |
31 | A research project for language documentation from the University of Hawai, has promoted several Timorese languages with the help of exchange students such as Osoroa and Fatumaka dialects of Makasae - the “major language in the eastern part of Timor-Leste” - as well as Waima'a, Fataluku, Mambae and Tokodede. | Nanandratra ny fiteny Timorezy maro ny tetikasam-pikarohana antontan-kevitra momba ny teny nataon'ny anjerimanontolon'i Hawai, niaraka tamin'ny fanampian'ny fifanakalozana mpianatra toy ny tenim-paritra Osoroa sy ny Fatumaka an'i Makasae - “fiteny maro an'isa any amin'ny faritra atsinanana any Timor-Leste” - toy izany koa ny Waima'a, Fataluku, Mambae sy ny Tokodede. |
32 | The latter has been occasionally used by the Portuguese linguist and translator João Paulo Esperança on his blog Hanoin Oin-oin (Diverse thoughts) [tet]. | Ity farany moa izay ampiasain'i João Paulo Esperança, Portigey mpikaroka momba ny teny sady mpandika teny, matetika eo amin'ny bilaoginy Hanoin Oin-oin (Fisaina samihafa) [tet]. |
33 | An East Timorese girl speaking (from clockwise) Bunak, Tetum, Fataluku and Portuguese. | Tovovavy Timorezy Tatsinanana miteny (fandehan'ny fihodin'ny famantaranandro) Bunak, Tetum, Fataluku ary Portigey. |
34 | Translation: "In Bunak/Tetum/Fataluku/Portuguese, we say: I am in Dili. | Adika hoe : "In Bunak/Tetum/Fataluku/Portigezy, hoy isika hoe : Eto Dili aho. |
35 | I have some money. | Manana vola ihany aho. |
36 | I do not have any money." | Tsy manana vola mihitsy aho." |
37 | Image by Joao Paulo Esperança (public domain). | Sary avy amin'i Joao Paulo Esperança (sehatra ho an'ny daholobe). |
38 | Another blogger in under-represented languages is Abe Barreto Soares, who was interviewed for Global Voices in 2009, and besides writing in English, Tetum, and Bahasa Indonesia, has also kept a poetry blog in the Galole laguage from the Manatuto district called Limusan. | Mpitoraka bilaogy iray amina fiteny tsy dia fandre i Abe Barreto Soares, izay nitafatafa mivantana ho an'ny Global Voices tamin'ny 2009, ary ankoatry ny fanoratana amin'ny teny Anglisy,Tetum, sy Bahasa Indonezia, dia manana ihany koa izy bilaogy tononkalo amin'ny Galole laguage avy any amin'ny distrikan'i Manatuto antsoina hoe Limusan. |
39 | A bit further to the South, Idaté language is featured on the blog of Ildefonso Pereira. | Lavidavitra kely any Atsimo, asongadina ao amin'ny bilaogin'i Ildefonso Pereira ihany koa ny fiteny Idaté. |
40 | Facebook has also been used for communicating in Timorese languages, as for instance this group in Naueti. | Nampiasaina ifandraisana amin'ny fiteny Timorezy ihany koa ny Facebook, ohatra izao ity vondrona ity amin'ny fiteny Naueti. |
41 | Last year a proposal was made to use mother tongues first in the national educational program, as this short film entitled Lian Inan (Mother Tongue) [tet] points out, highlighting “the importance of a child's first language in helping them to learn to read and write, to respect the culture of their parents and community, and to become fluent earlier in the official languages of Timor-Leste”: | Tamin'ny herintaona, nisy ny soso-kevitra ny hampiasàna voalohanyny tenindreny ao anatin'ny fandaharam-pampianarana nasionaly, araka ny ambaran'ity horonantsary fohy mitondra ny lohateny hoe Lian Inan (TenindReny) [tet] ity, izay manazava ” ny lanjan'ny fiteny voalohany ampiasan'ny ankizy hanampiana azy ireo hianatra hamaky teny sy hanoratra, hanaja ny kolotsain'ny ray aman-dreniny sy ny fiarahamonina misy azy, ary hahay hiteny tsara ny teny ofisialin'i Timor-Letste dieny any am-piandohana”: |