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1 | The Lights and the Shadows of the New Cuban Labor Code | Misy Tsara Sy Ratsy Ao Anatin'ilay Lalàna Vaovao Mifehy Ny Asa Ao Kiobà |
2 | The new Labor Code entered into effect in Cuba. (Photo by Alejandro Menéndez Vega, used with permission) | Fampiharana Ilay Lalàna Vaovao Mifehy ny asa Kiobàna (Sary an'i Alejandro Menéndez Vega, fampiasàna nahazoana alàlana) |
3 | After several months and intense debates in the workplace ,and the National Assembly of the People's Power, the new Labor Code was issued in the context of the expansion of private businesses and incentives for foreign investments. | Taorian'ny adihevitra nandritry ny volana maro tao amin'ny Antenimieram-Pirenen'ny Fahefam-Bahoaka, manomboka miditra amin'ny fampiharana azy hanan-kery ilay lalàna vaovao mifehy ny asa, ao anatinà vanim-potoana iroboroboan'ny sehatra tsy miankina sy ny fanentanana ireo vahiny mpampiasa vola. |
4 | But the exclusion of anti-discriminatory articles regarding gender identity and harassment at work have sparked controversy on the Island. | Niteraka resabe tao amin'ny nosy anefa na izany aza ny fanilikilihana ireo toko sy andininy mifandraika amin'ny fanavahana ny lahy sy ny vavy sy ny fanaovana antsojay. |
5 | The new Code stresses a ban on child labor and special protections for young people between 15 and 18 years old. | Manindry mafy ny fandraràna ny fampiasàna zaza tsy ampy taona ilay lalàna vaovao, ary ny fiarovana manokana ireo tanora eo anelanelan'ny 18 sy 18 taona. |
6 | Furthermore, it regulates worker's rights to improve, as well as their right to daily and weekly breaks, and annual paid vacation time. | Etsy andaniny, mametraka fepetra momba ny zon'ireo mpiasa ihany koa izy io amin'ny resaka ora ambony ampanga sy ny fotoana fialantsasatra isan'andro na isan-kerinandro, hatramin'ireo fialantsasatra andraisan-karàma. |
7 | “There has been a lot of talk regarding this new law on national news,” Camilo García comments on his blog, “especially laying down legislation regarding work relations in non-state owned businesses, something that is essential with this continued exponential growth and which, for that matter, is needed to protect those who are employed there.” | « Avoitran'ireo gazety ao amin'ny firenena betsaka ny amin'io lalàna vaovao io », hoy ny voamarik'i Camilo García ao amin'ny bilaoginy, « indrindra fa ireo mamepetra ny fifandraisana arak'asa any amin'ireo orinasa tantanan'olon-tsotra, lalàna iray tena ilaina mihitsy manoloana ny firongatry ny fitomboan'izy ireny, izay no ilàna ny fiarovana ireo mpikaràma ». |
8 | Gender identity neglected | Notsinontsinoavina ny fanavahana ny lahy sy ny vavy |
9 | (Photo by Jorge Luis Baños, used with permission) | (Sary an'i Jorge Luis Baños, fampiasàna nahazoana alàlana) |
10 | Gender identity was not included as cause of discrimination in the new Labor Code, only “sexual orientation.” | Tsy noraisina ho toy ny antony iray mety hampisy ny fanavakavahana ny fijerena ny maha-lahy sy vavy ao anatin'ilay lalàna vaovao mifehy ny asa, izay nanatsofohana fotsiny ny hoe « fironana ara-pananahana ». |
11 | Article 2b, referring to the grounds of discrimination, has generated strong controversy in blogs and social networks. | Ny toko faha-20b, izay miresaka ny anton'ny fanavakavahana, dia niteraka fifamalian-kevitra lalina tany amin'ny bilaogy sy ny tambajotra sosialy. |
12 | This provision states that | Milaza io andinin-dalàna io fa : |
13 | Any citizen able to work has the right to employment while addressing the demands of the economy and to choose a sector owned or not owned by the state; without discrimination on grounds of skin color, gender, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, ethnic origin, disability and other eminence harmful to human dignity. | Ny olom-pirenena rehetra dia samy manana zo hahazo ny asa iriny na mifandray amin'ny fitakian'ny ara-toekarena, na izany amin'ny sehatry ny asam-panjakana, na any amin'ny sehatra tsy miankina ; tsy anavahana volon-koditra, na lahy na vavy, na finoana, na fironana ara-pananahana, na fiaviana ara-poko, na fahasembanana ary izay endrika rehetra mety hanohintohina manokana ny maha-olombelona. |
14 | Francisco Rodríguez, journalist and sexual rights activist , noted in his blog: | Manamarika ao amin'ny bilaoginy i Francisco Rodríguez, mpanao gazety sady mpikatroka mafàna fo amin'ny resaka zo ara-pananahana : |
15 | I am outraged because what never should have occurred, happened. | Tohina aho satria izay tsy tokony hitranga akory no nitranga. |
16 | The new Labor Code has just been published, without explicit inclusion of sexual identity as one of the motives to not discriminate, within the key principles that govern employment rights. | Vao avy navoaka mihitsy izao ilay Lalàna vaovao Mifehy ny Asa, ary tsy ahitàna mazava ny firesahana momba ny famantarana ny lahy sy vavy ho toy ny anton'ny fanavakavahana, ao anatin'ireo fotokevitra fototra izay mifehy ny lalàn'ny asa. |
17 | The fight against discrimination based on sexual orientation was part of the project discussed by the Cuban National Assembly last December. | Isan'ny tetikasa niadiana hevitra tamin'ny Desambra lasa teo tao amin'ny Antenimieram-Pirenena Kiobàna ny ady amin'ny fanavakavahana noho ny fironana ara-pananahana. |
18 | Furthermore, after having taken into account discussions amongst representatives, disability has also been in included. | Nanampy ny resak'reo solombavambahoaka ihany koa ny fahasembanana. |
19 | However, the proposal of representative and chairwoman of the National Center for Sex Education (Centro Nacional de Educación Sexual or Cenesex), Mariela Castro, for the need to include gender identity in order to protect transsexual people, was not acknowledged. | Kanefa, tsy noraisina ny tolo-kevitr'i Mariela Castro, ilay solombavambahoaka sady talen'ny Foibem-Pirenena momba ny Fanabeazana Ara-pananahana (Cenesex), momba ny filàna ny hampidirana ny famantana ny lahy sy ny vavy mba hiarovana ireo olona nanova tavam-pananahana. |
20 | Rodríguez notes: | Manamarka i Rodríguez : |
21 | This is a very serious matter. | Lohahevitra matotra io. |
22 | This undermines the methods and ways of work by the National Assembly of People's Power, compliance of legislative procedures managed by the highest body of the State and the transparency in the decision-making stems from the will of the members, the only ones who can exercise their right to approve or modify legislation representing the Cuban people. | Mahatonga fisalasalàna amin'ireo fomba fiasan'ny Antenimieram-Pirenen'ny Fahefam-Bahoaka, ny fanajàna ny dingana feran'ny lalàna napetraky ny rantsana faratampony ao amin'ny Fanjakàna aryny mangarahara eo amin'ny fandraisan'ireo solombavambahaka ny fanapahankeviny, ireo hany afaka mapiasa ny zony handàny na hanova lalàna amin'ny anaran'ny vahoaka kiobàna. |
23 | In accordance with Rodríguez, the inclusion of gender identity as a cause of discrimination “was only rejected in the Parliament by the Secretary of State Council, who despite admitting that he did not fully understand the issue, took a stand against it.” | Araka ny hevitr'i Rodríguez, « nolavin'ny sekreteran'ny Filankevi-Panjakana fotsiny izao ny fampidirana ny famantarana ny lahy sy ny vavy ho toy ny anton'ny fanavakavahana, ny sekretera izay, na dia nitsotra ny tsy fahatakarany an'ilay lohahevitra, dia nanohitra ihany ny fandaniana azy ». |
24 | Rodriguez expounds: | Manazava i Rodríguez : |
25 | Reservations against the proposals of the representative Mariela, were also brought forth by the chairman of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs and Legal Matters, who was in charge of leading the committee that would finalize the writing of the law. | Misy fanamarihana manodidina ny tolokevitry ny solombavambahaka Mariela nalefan'ny filohan'ny Kaomisionan'ny Raharaha momba ny Lalam-panorenana sy ny Fitsaràna, izay natao hitarika ilay kaomisiona tsy maintsy mamarana ny fanoratana ilay volavolan-dalàna. |
26 | Not even the recommendation of the first Cuban Vice-president, Miguel Diaz-Canel, who mediated the discussion and advocated for what had been presented by Castro Espín, was taken into account. | Tsy noraisiny tanaty kajikajy akory ilay sosokevitry ny filoha lefitra Miguel Díaz-Canel, izay nitantana ny adihevitra sy niaro ny tokony ho nandraisana tanty kajikajy ny tolokevitr'i Castro Espín. |
27 | Alberto Roque Guerra, a medical doctor by profession and activist for the LGBT community, writes in his blog that “Cuban transgender people barely have access to work and beyond that, they are obligated to act and behave according to their legal identity, regardless of the gender identity they identify with.” | Alberto Roque Guerra, mpitsabo ary mitolona ho an'ny zon'ireo vehivavy samy vehivavy mifankatia, ny pelaka, ireo manana taovam-pananahana roa, ireo nanova tavam-pananahana sy olona manambady ny tsy mitovy taova aminy,dia mihevitra ao amin'ny bilaoginy fa « ireo kiobàna, olona nanova taova, dia sahirana vao tafiditr amin'ny asa ; mihoatra ny famantarana ny lahy sy vavy izay mamaritr azy ireo, manery azy ireo koa io hiseho sy hitondra tena mifanaraka amin'ny famantarana nanasokajiana azy araka ny lalàna ». |
28 | Harassment at work, dismissals, groupings, and suitability: Other pending issues | Fanaovana antsojay eny amin'ny asa, fandroahana, famondronana ary fampanarahana fenitra: olana hafa mbola miandry |
29 | Roque Guerra also warns about the absence of references of harassment at the workplace in the legislation “despite frequent cases on multiple grounds and that are very difficult to prove.” | Voamarik'i Roque ny tsy fisian'ny filazana mikasika ny fanaovana antsojay any anivon'ny asa ao amin'io lalàna io “na eo aza ireo tranga mahazatra ny be sy ny maro saingy mitoetra ho sarotra porofoina”. |
30 | Las trabajadoras y los trabajadores cubanos no tienen ni la menor idea de cómo identificar el acoso laboral, a pesar de que estos perfiles han sido descritos por la psicología, la psiquiatría y la medicina del trabajo hace muchos años. | Tsy fantatr'ireo kiobàna mpiasa mihitsy ny fomba hanavahana ny atao hoe antsojay enyanivon'ny asa, na dia voafaritry ny resaka psikolojia, ny mpitsabo saina ary ny fitsaboana momba ny asa aza ny endrik'izy ireny efa hatry nytaona marobe nifandimby. |
31 | En mi práctica profesional he conocido numerosas víctimas, tanto pacientes como compañeros de trabajo. Al parecer tendremos que esperar unos treinta años para incluirlo como «una novedad» de la post-postmodernidad. | Tafiditra amin'ny traikefa azoko tamin'ny asako dia betsaka ireo niharam-pahavoazana fantatro, tsy he ny marary tsaboina ihany fa na dia ny mpiara-miasa koa aza. |
32 | Cuban male and female workers don't have the slightest idea about how to identify harassment at work, even though it was outlined, many years ago, by psychology, psychiatry and health aspects at the workplace. | |
33 | During my professional practice, I have met numerous victims, both patients as well as professional colleagues. | |
34 | It seems that we are going to have to wait thirty years to see it as «change» in post-post-modernity. | Raha ny fahitàna azy, tsy maintsy miandry telopolo taona isika mba ampiditra azy io ho toy ny “fiovàna iray” mialoha ny vaninandro maoderina. |
35 | Similarly, Rogelio Díaz, from the site Observatorio Crítico, notes that the Code fails to establish effective ways to support the fight against discrimination, “at least in the private sphere where the use and abuse of the section ‘reason for the end of employment' prevails, due to the simple ‘initiative of one of the parties.'” | Rogelio Díaz, avy amin'ny tranonkala Observatorio Crítico, dia manamarika ihany koa fa tsy fitaovana mahombymba hiadiana amin'ny fanavakavahana ilay Lalàna, “farafaharatsiny mba any amin'ny sehatra tsy miankina, sehatra ampiasàna sy anararaotana ny filazàna hoe “fiafàran'ny fifandraisana arak'asa” amin-javatra tsotra kely hoe ‘fanapahankevitry ny iray tamin'ireo mpifanaiky”. |
36 | The “suitability” of state workers has also been a matter of discussion. | Lohahevitra noresahana ihany koa ny “fampanarahana fenitra” ny mpiasam-panjakana. |
37 | According to Díaz, | Ho an'i Díaz dia, |
38 | I was also concerned, for example, about the risk of workers in the state sector being labeled as “not suited” and, therefore exploitable and without many guarantees. | Manahy ihany koa aho, ohatra, ny amin'ny mety hanambaràna ireo mpiasam-panjakana ho “ratsy toerana” ary, vokatr'izay, hotrandrahana, tsy misy antoka na toy inona na toy inona. |
39 | The Code and additional regulations establish the mechanism for this process, and according to my understanding, it will above all depend on the ethics of those involved. | Ilay Lalàna sy ny Fepetra fanampiny dia mametraka arofanina ho an'io dingana io izay, raha azoko tsara, hiankina betsaka amin'ny etikan'ireo olona tafiditra amin'izany. |
40 | Chapter II, referring to worker's unions, in Article 13 points out that “workers have the right to voluntarily associate themselves and constitute trade union organizations, in conformity with its founding principles, statutes and regulations, democratically discussed and adopted, and adhere to the law.” | Ao amin'ny Toko faha-II, izay miresaka ireo fikambanana sendikaly, ny artikla 13 dia manamafy fa “manana zo ireo mpiasa hitambatra tsy an-tery sy hamorona fikambanana sendikaly, mifanaraka amin'ireo fotokevitra tokana iraisana ho fananganana , ny sata sy ny fitsipika, izay iadiana hevitra sy nankatoavina tamin'ny fomba demaokratka ary mifanaraka amin'ny lalàna”. |
41 | However, this ability to spontaneously and freely come together “is hampered by the obligation to follow certain basic “unitarian” principles, that supposedly will serve to repress any and all who attempt to do something outside of the only existent trade union recognized by the government,” warned Rogelio Díaz. | Kanefa, ity fahafahana mifamory malalaka sy mandeha tsy voizina ity no “tonga manohintohina ny adidy amin'ny fanarahana ireo fotokevitra ‘tokana' izay, mazava loatra, ho ampiasaina hamoretana ireo rehetra izay hanao hetsi-panoherana, amin'ny anaran'izay hany fikambanana sendikaly tokana neken'ny governemanta”, hoy i Rogelio Díaz manipika azy. |
42 | Other components excluded from the Labor Code were the right to go on strike, and discrimination based on political affiliation. | Misy singa hafa mbola mijanona ho tsy raharahain'ilay Lalàna mifehy ny Asa, toy ny zo hitokona sy ny fanavakavahana noho ny fanehoankevitra politika. |
43 | Lessons regarding procedures of the National Assembly of People's Power | Lesona mazava momba ny dingana arahan'ny Antenimieram-Pirenen'ny Fahefam-Bahoaka |
44 | The National Assembly of People's Power, as stated in Articles 69, 70 and 71, is the supreme body of the State; it represents and expresses the sovereign will of all the people, it is the only body with constituent and legislative authority, and it is compromised by representatives elected through the free, direct and secret votes of the electorate, in proportion and in accordance with the process determined by law. | Ny Antenimieram-Pirenen'ny Fahefam-Bahoaka, mifanaraka amin'izay nofaritan'ny artikla 69, 70 sy 71, no rantsana faratampony amin'ny Fanjakàna ; izy no misolo tena sy maneho ny sitrapon'ny vahoaka, izy no hany rantsana manana ny fahefana araka ny lalàm-panorenana sy ny lalàna ary ahitàna solombavambahoaka voafidy ain'ny latsabatomalalaka, mivantana sy miafin'ireo mpifidy, mifanaraka amin'ny isa sy ny dingana nofaritan'ny lalàna. |
45 | Last December, faced with the impossibility of reaching an agreement during the time in which the National Assembly convened, it was proposed that a Style Committee be created to be in charge of writing the final version of the legislation, taking the representatives' debates into consideration. | Tamin'ny Desambra lasa iny, nanoloana ny tsy fahafahana nametra fifanarahana nandritryn fotoam-pivorian'ny Antenimieram-Pirenena, nisy Kaomisiona iray natsangana hjery ny endriny mba hanoratra ny dika farany indrindra tamin'ilay lalàna, nifottra tamin'ireo adihevitry ny solombavambahoaka. |
46 | “For citizens and their representatives, the lesson must be very clear: from now on, it is not possible to cast a vote on commissions nor to have mediation outside of the Assembly's democratic sphere. | « Ho an'ny olom-pirenena sy ireomisolo tena azy ao amin'ny Parlemanta, tsy maintsy mazava ny lesona : tsy mety ny miantehitra amin'ny latsabaton'ireokaomisiona, na ny manana mpanelanelana ivelan'ny kiboribory demaokratkan'ny Antenimiera. |
47 | That is neither constitutional nor ethical,” Francisco Rodriguez advises. | Sady tsy araka ny lalàm-panorenana izany no tsy araka ny etika », hoy i Francisco Rodríguez mampitandrina. |
48 | If a discussion of every line of the law needs to take place, then so be it. | Raha toa ka tsy maintsy hiadiana hevitra ny andalana tsirairay ao anaty lalàna iray, dia ataovy. |
49 | Neither conformity nor pressure are feasible, since the restriction of the parliamentary times during the ordinary session of the National Assembly (…) | Tsy mety intsony ny fampanaraham-penitra amin'izay sokajy misy ny tena sy ny tsindry, noho ny fotoana tery ho an'ireo parlemantera mandritry ny fotoam-pivorian'ny Antenimieram-Pirenena(…) |
50 | Parliament must convene the hours and days necessary until votes for texts and conclusive principles exist. | Mila mijery mialoha ny isan'ny ora ilaina ny Paremanta mba handaniana ireo tolo-dalàna sy ireo fotokevita farany indrindra. |
51 | It is not admissible that our representatives issue a blank check to an individual or group of individuals to figure out substantial issues subsequent to the exercise of voting(…) | Tsy ho azo ekena ny he hanome taratasim-bola tsy misy mari-bolanefa vita sonia ireo solombavambahoakantsika mba handraisana fanapahankevitra mikasika ireo olana miseho any aorian'ny fifidianana ilay lalàna(…) |
52 | This is the only way that we will gain respect toward the approved policies and the expressed will of the Cuban Communist Party in it's governing documents, with out anyone claiming the power to their own interpretation and implementing decisions based exclusively on their own convenience or cultural limitations, among other criteria. | Io no hany fomba hahazoana fampanajàna ireo fanapahankevitra nolaniana sy ny sitrapon'ny Antoko Kaominista ao Kiobà, mba tsy hisian'ny olona ho afaka hilaza ho manana zo hampiantso azy ireo na handàny ireofanahìpahankevitra araka izay iiavany azy na araka ny fetra ara-kolotoraly ananany na karazany hafa koa. |