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12012: A Year of Revolt and Social Change in Francophone Countries: Part 1 of 22012 : Taonan'ny Fikomiana sy ny Fivoaran'ny Fiaraha-monina Any Amin'ny Firenena Mpiteny Frantsay (Frankôfôna)
22012 is over, and for Francophone countries a more serene 2013 would be more than welcome.Lasa iny ny taona 2012, ary ho an'ny firenena mpiteny frantsay, irariana ny taona 2013 hitondra filaminana bebe kokoa.
3Nanamarika ny taona 2012 ny ady mita-piadiana tao Mali, tao amin'ny Repoblika Demokratikan'i Kongo (RDC) [mg] sy tao amin'ny Repoblika Afrika Afovoany (RCA), eo koa ireo fifidianana nampisy adi-kevitra goavana tao Senegaly [mg], tao Quebec [mg] sy tao Frantsa [mg], sy ireo fiihetsiketsehana mitaky fanovana tao Tchad, Madagasikara[mg] sy tao Togo [mg] ary koa ny olana ara-piarahamonina momba ny fifindra-monina [mg], ny krizy ara-toekarena sy ny mariazy ho an'ny rehetra; izany rehetra izany dia noho ny fitadiavana fanovana lalina amin'ny fizaram-baovao.
4The year 2012 was marked by armed conflicts in Mali, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and in the Central African Republic (CAR).Mba hiainana iny taona nitranga-javatra maro iny, indreto fizarana voalohany amin'ny tamberin'ny taona 2012 tao amin'ireo firenena mpiteny frantsay notontosain'ireo mpiara miasa ato amin'ny Global Voices :
5There were elections in Senegal, as well as in Quebec and France.Ny hoavin'i Mali ( Marc-André Boisvert)
6Demonstrations for change took place in Chad as well as Madagascar and Togo.
7Debate raged on topics such as immigration, the economic crisis and equal marriage rights. All this took place against a backdrop of major changes in the ways of sharing information.Nanimba an'i Mali tanteraka ny zava-nitranga lavareny tamin'ny 2012: fikomiana toaregy, ny fanonganam-panjakana[mg], ny faharavan'ny Avaratry Mali sy ny fibodoin' ireo vondrona Islamista izany sisitany izany[mg] , korontana ara-politika sy ara-miaramila tsy manam-pahataperana.
8In the first part of our 2012 review, we recap what was an eventful year in Francophone countries with the help of Global Voices contributors:Tao anatin'ny herintaona, voaloto tanteraka ny endriky ny fianakaviambe iraisam-pirenena modelin'ny demokrasia sy ny fampandrosoana an'i Mali, noho ity Firenena ity mikorontana, reraka ary navela irery.
9The future of Mali (by Marc-André Boisvert)Mali : fanombohan'ny fifampiraharahana miaraka amin'ireo Toaregy.
10A long chain of events completely devastated the country in 2012 as a Tuareg rebellion was followed by a military coup and the fall of North Mali, which was subsequently captured by Islamist groups.
11There have been endless political military shake-ups: during this one year, Mali's well-polished international image as a model of democracy and development has been completely shattered, leaving the country destabilised, broken and neglected.
12Mali begins Touareg dialogue. Image by Flickr user Magharebia (CC BY 2.0)Sary tao amin'ny Flickr, Magharebia (CC BY 2.0).
13A year ago in Mali tweets, facebook posts and blogs were mainly personal.Herintaona izay, tao Mali, samy milaza izay tiany ny tao amin'ny twitter, facebook sy ny bilaogy.
14At the start of 2012 the only political content was from candidates honing their campaign strategies for the presidential elections (subsequently cancelled) expected to take place that April.Tsy nisy ny resabe, ankoatra ny an'ireo kandidà amin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena mamolavola ny paikadin'izy ireo manokana, fifidianana izay tokony hotontosaina amin'ny volana marsa.
15During 2012 Malians took over social networks.Tamin'ny taona 2012, nirohotra tao amin'ny tambajotra sosialy ireo Maliana.
16More effective than the mainstream media, internet users shared images of amputations committed by Islamists under the hashtag #Mali and exchanged views on the new powers, notably on messaging list Malilink.Mbola nahomby kokoa noho ny fampahalalam-baovao tsotra, nizara ny sarin'ireo famonoan'olona nataon'ireo Islamista ny mpiserasera tamin'ny alalan'ny tenifahatra #Mali ary nifanakalo hevitra momba ny fitondrana vaovao, indrindra momba ireo hafatra “malilink”.
17The Northern Citizens Collective (COREN) and the Cri de Cœur collective mobilised Malians and their allies to send humanitarian aid to occupied regions.Nanentana ireo Maliana sy ny mpiara-dia aminy ny Fikambanan'ny Terak'i Mali Avaratra (COREN) sy ny Cri de Cœur (Antso'ny Fo) mba handefa fanampiana eny amin'ny faritra voakasika.
18Social networks were no longer simply a tool for sharing people's impotence faced with the atrocities occurring, rather, they were used to organise people, to rise up and refuse to accept the situation.Tsy fitaovana hizarana ny fidonanam-poana manoloana ny habibian'ny zava-mitranga intsony ny tambajotra sosialy, fa fitaovana handrindrana asa, hitsanganana sy hitsipahana izay tsy mety.
19The people of Mali weren't just waiting around for outside intervention - the internet is proof of that.Tsia, tsy toy ny rafotsibe very laona ka miandry izay igadonany fotsiny ny Maliana ka hiandry fotsiny ny famonjen'ny any ivelany . Porofon'izany ny tranonkala.
20Passing crisis of transformation of society?Krizy mandalo sa fanovana ny fiarahamonina ?
21The economic crisis was the central theme of the 2012 French election.Ny krizy ara-toekarena no lohahevitra nanjaka tamin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena tao Frantsa tamin'ny taona 2012.
22After nearly four years of the crisis the question was, rather that it being a temporary crisis, were we witnessing a structural transformation of society and the way it functions?Efa-taona tao anatin'ny krizy, lasa ihany ny saina fa sao tsy krizy mandalo no atrehintsika fa fiovan-drafitry ny fiaraha-monina sy ny fomba fiasany.
23Innovative ideas emerged on the possible ways society could evolve with regard to the current economic context.Maro ireo hevi-baovao nivoitra tamin'ny taona 2012 amin'ny fivoarana izay mety hizoran'ny fiarahamonina raha jerena ny zava-misy ara-toekarena ankehitriny.
24Stanislas Jourdan enlightened us with ideas exchanged on various approaches which could transform the existing paradigms.Manazava antsika ireo hevitra nifanakalozana momba ireo fanjohian-kevitra na vahaolana afaka hanova ny modely misy i Stanislas Jourdan.
25The direct democracy team initiative for a guaranteed basic income in Switzerland was part of this:Anisan'izany ny fisantaran-kevitra fametrahana ny demokrasia mivantana momba ny karama ambany indrindra tsy misy fepetra ao Soisa:
26The grassroots initiative “for an unconditional basic income” proposes that “the establishment of an unconditional universal benefit” be written into the federal constitution which would “allow the entire population to lead a dignified existence and participate in public life”.Ny fisantaran'andraikitra malaza momba ny « fametrahana fidiram-bola fototra tsy misy fepetra » dia manolo-kevitra ny hametrahana ao anatin'ny Lalàmpanorenana federaly ny « fametrahana anjara vola ho an'ny rehetra tsy misy fepetra » mba «hahafahan'ny olona rehetra miaina ao anatin'ny fahamendrehana sy mandray anjara amin'ny fiainam-pirenena».
27The law will address financing and set the amount of the benefit. [Ny lalàna no handamina ny famatsiam-bola sy hametra ny tontalin'izany anjara vola izany.
28…] The basic income does not come with any conditions attached: it is not subject to any means testing.Tsy misy fepetra ny fidiram-bola fototra: tsy miankina aminà solom-panompoana (tsy misy tambiny) . [..]
29[…] How will it be financed?Ahoana no hamatsiana izany?
30Through direct taxation of income and wealth, indirect taxation on consumption (VAT), taxing financial transactions, and most especially through the reallocation of resources currently allotted to financing state pensions and unemployment payouts, social security and other welfare payments lower than the amount of the basic income.Amin'ny alalan'ny hetra mivantana alaina amin'ny karama sy ny fananana, mbamin'ny hetra tsy mivantana amin'ny fandaniana (TVA), amin'ny alalan'ny hetra alaina amin'ny fifanakalozana ara-bola, ary indrindra amin'ny famindrana ireo vola natokana amin'ny famatsiam-bolan'ny AVS, AI, ny fiahiana ara-tsosialy ary ireo fidiram-bola hafa fanampiny kely noho ny fidiram-bola fototra.
31Human reasons to work by freeworldcharter.org via active rain used with permissionAntony mampandrisika amin'ny asa, novolavolain'i Martouf, nahazoan-dalana avy aminy ny sary
32The Occupy Movement was started in North America, and among other aims, worked to remove debt from families and students by crowdfunding, similar to the way that governments aided the banks during the subprime mortgage crisis:Tetikasa hafa nosantarina tany Amerika Avaratra ny famafana ny trosan'ny fianakaviana sy ny mpianatra amin'ny alalan'ny crowdfunding [fanampiana ifandrimbonana], tahaka ny ny fanampian'ny fanjakana ny banky mandritra ny krizim-bola (subprimes) :
33[It] would create fiat money in the same way as with Quantitative Easing, but would direct that money to the bank accounts of the public with the requirement that the first use of this money would be to reduce debt.Ny fanaovana izany dia amin'ny alalan'ny famoronana vola taratasy tahaka ny fanao amin'ny politikam-panalefahana, fa mandeha mivantana any amin'ny kaontim-bolan'olo-tsotra io vola io, ka ny fepetra tokana amin'ny fampiasana ny vola dia ho fampihenana ny trosa.
34Debtors whose debt exceeded their injection would have their debt reduced but not eliminated, while at the other extreme, recipients with no debt would receive a cash injection…Ny trosan'ireo olona izay betsaka noho ny vola nampidirina tao amin'ny kaontiny ny trosany dia hihena ny trosany fa tsy voafafa, nefa etsy ankilan'izany, ireo tsy nitrosa kosa dia handray vola mivantana
35Rebels without a cause?Mpioko Tsy amin' Antony?
36Whether the M23 rebels in the DRC, the Seleka Coalition in the Central African Republic or Islamist groups in Mali, groups rarely claim a clear political ideology or uniformity of operation between their various factions.Na ny mpiokon'ny M23 ao RDC, na ireo Séléka ao RCA na ny vondrona islamista ao Mali, tarataratra fa tsy manandratra firehan-kevitra politika mazava ary tsy misy fandrindran'asa iraisana koa eo amin'ny vondrona isan-karazany miara-miombona.
37These armed groups have strongly expanded their spheres of influence in 2012, establishing a definite lever for negotiations in the stabilisation process in their respective regions.Tsikaritra anefa nanitatra ny ambaindainy ireo vondrona mitam-piadiana ireo nandritra ny taona 2012 ary manana toerana tsy azo ihodivirana amin'ny fampandriana ny fandriampahalemana eo amin'ny faritra misy azy avy.
38As noted by Julie Owono, the timing of the progression of attacks in the CAR suggests that financial stakes have changed the deal regarding short-term objectives of the Seleka rebels.Araka ny nomarihan'i Julie Owono, ny fotoana nanaovana ny fanafihana tany RCA no mahatonga hieritreritra fa nanova zava-misy eo amin'ny tanjona fohy ezaky ny mpiokon'ny Séléka ny resa-bola.
39In the DRC, Anna Gueye detailed the complex historical context of the M23 rebellion and its recent evolution.Tany RDC, noravahan'i Anna Gueye tamin'ny antsipirihany ny fahasarotana ara-tantaran'ny fiokoan'ny [mg] M23 sy ny fivoarany faramparany [mg].
40The financial stakes in the Kivu and Katanga regions are extremely high.Tsy lazaina intsony ny resa-bola any amin'ny faritra Kivu sy Katanga.
41The tragic new feature in 2012 was the expansion of the conflict and the humanitarian disaster to areas with high potential for intensification of the violence.Ny zava-baova nampalahelo tamin'ny 2012 dia hita ao amin'ny fiitaran'ny ady sy ny voina mahazo ny olona any amin'ny sisintany iraisana maro izay ahitana hiha-mahery vaika ny herisetra.
42The remarkable initiatives of the civilian population did much to protect the health and the social cohesion of populations weakened by these conflicts.Miezaka mafy ireo fisantaran'andraikitry ny mponina mba hiarovana ny fahasalamana sy ny firindran'ny fiaraha-monin‘ [mg] ireo mpiara-belona trotrak'ity fifandirana ity.
43The second part of this 2012 review of Francophone countries will follow shortly.Avoaka tsy ho ela ny fizarana faharoa amin'ny tamberin'ny taona 2012 tao amin'ireo firenena mpiteny frantsay.
44Anna Gueye, Julie Owono, Abdoulaye Bah, Marc-André Boisvert and Stanislas Jourdan contributed to this post.Anna Gueye, Julie Owono, Abdoulaye Bah, Marc-André Boisvert ary i Stanislas Jourdan no niara-nifandrimbona tamin'ny fanoratana ity lahatsoratra ity.