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1 | The Mesoamerican Abacus That Gives Modern Calculators a Run for Their Money | Fitaovana Fikajiana Mesoamerican : Taolana Ho An'ireo Kajy Maoderina |
2 | Mesoamerican abacus. | Fitaovana fikajiana Mesoamerican. |
3 | Screenshot of video posted on YouTube. | Pikantsary tamin'ny lahatsary nalefa tamin'ny YouTube. |
4 | The nepohualtzintzin is a calculation device used in pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican cultures, including the Mayans, that is now making a comeback in several education programs, which are making use of this powerful tool to teach mathematics at an early age in a completely organic way. | Fitaovana iray fikajiana nampiasaina tao amin'ireo kolontsaina Mesoamerican Espaniôla taloha ny nepohualtzintzin, tafiditra ao anatin'izany ireo Mayana, izay ankehitriny miverina any anaty fandaharam-pianarana maro, izay mampiasa io fitaovana mahery vaika io mba hampianarana matematika dieny mbola kely amin'ny fomba voajanahary tanteraka. |
5 | The name nepohualtzintzin is formed by two words in the Mesoamerican Nahuatl language: nepohual, which means “counting,” and tzintzin, which means “the venerable or relevant.” | Ny anarana nepohualtzintzin dia noforonina avy amin'ny teny roa tao amin'ny teny Mesoamerican Nahuatl: nepohual, izay midika ho “fanisàna”, ary tzintzin, izay midika ho “mendri-kaja na maharaka ny toetrandro”. |
6 | Thus, the word nepohualtzintzin means “the relevant counting.” | Noho izany, ny teny hoe nepohualtzintzin dia midika “Ny fanisàna maharaka ny toetrandro.” |
7 | There's nothing magical about this ancient device, known also simply as nepo. | Tsy misy fahagagàna mikasika io fitaovana tranainy io, fantatra tsotra fotsiny sahala amin'ny nepo. |
8 | It doesn't require the use of paper or pencil, but instead makes its precise calculations using beads. | Tsy ilàna fampiasàna taratasy na pensilihazo io, saingy kosa manao ireo kajiny marina amin'ny fampiasàna vakana. |
9 | The Mayan numerical system was based on the number 20, unlike the decimal system used today. | Nifototra tamin'ny isa 20 ny rafi-marikan'i Mayan, tsy toy ny fomba fanisàna ampiasaina ankehitriny mihintsy. |
10 | This vigesimal system included the number zero: | Ahitàna ny isa aotra io fomba fanisàna mifototra amin'ny isa roapolo io: . |
11 | The notation on the vigesimal system is similar, except that 20 is the base. | Mitovy avokoa ny tarehimarika mikasika ny fanisàna mifototra amin'ny isa roapolo, afatsy ny isa 20 izay io no fototra iaingana. |
12 | This system needs 20 different figures, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 that can also be represented as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J. […] With the vigesimal numerical system, Mayans were able to carry out basic mathematical operations through addition and multiplication tables and using an abacus made out of a rod-based grid, or directly drawn on the floor, and they used pebbles or seeds to represent numbers. | Ilàna isa 20 samihafa io fomba io dia ny 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, ary ny 19 izay asehon'ny isa 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I sy J. […] Mikasika ny fomba fanisàna mifototra amin'ny isa roapolo, afaka hanaovana asa fototra matematika toy ny adisanin'ny fampifanampiana sy fampitomboana ry zareo Mayans amin'ny alalan'ny fampiasana boribory kely maromaro narafitra tanaty tabilao vita tamin'ny hazo, na tonga dia nofaritana avy hatrany teo amin'ny tany, ary nampiasàn'izy ireo vatokely na voan-javatra mba hanehoana ireo isa. |
13 | This abacus was known as nepohualtzintzin. | Fantatra tamin'ny hoe nepohualtzintzin io fitaovana fanisàna io. . |
14 | Due to the huge number of operations it allows to carry out, it could be said that the nepohualtzintzin is comparable to a modern computer. | Noho ny habetsahan'ireo kajy azo atao aminy, azo oharina amin'ny solosaina maoderina ny nepohualtzintzin. |
15 | It's a set of 91 beads spread out in 13 rows of seven beads. | Fitambaran'ireo vakana 91 voatsinjara ho tsanganana 13, misy vakana fito izy io. |
16 | Ninety-one is a fourth of 364, about the number of days in a year, so the total number of beads represents one season. | Ny isa iraika amby sivifolo dia ampahaefatry ny 364, mikasika ny isan'ny andro anatin'ny taona iray, ka ny isan'ireo vakana rehetra dia maneho vanintaona iray. |
17 | Two times 91 is 182, the cycle of corn: | Ny 91 indroa dia 182, tsingerim-potoanan'ny katsaka: |
18 | The nepohualtzintzin mathematical system came out of the necessity that our forefathers had for survival; to till the land they had to count the days, natural phenomena and their cycles, and watch, for instance, that the sun appears every day in the east, goes across the sky and then sets in the west. | Fomba fanisàna nilain'ireo razambenay teo aloha teo amin'ny fiainany ny fomba fanisàna nepohualtzintzin; tsy maintsy nanisa andro izy ireo mba hahafahany niasa ny tany, ny zava-mitranga ara-natoraly sy ireo tsingerina fandalovany, sady mijery, ohatra, fa isanandro dia miposaka avy any atsinanana foana ny masoandro, miakatra eny an-danitra, ary avy eo mody any andrefana. |
19 | It's important to note that the Mayan civilization was the first in the Americas to figure out the number zero: | Tsara ny manamarika fa ny sivilizasiona Mayan no voalohany tao Amerika nanehoana ny isa aotra: |
20 | Mayan mathematics have left an imprint in time; before any other civilization, Mayans came up with a revolutionary concept: the number zero. | Namela dian-tanana teo amin'ny fotoana ny matematika Mayan; talohan'ireo sivilizasiona hafa, tonga niaraka tamina foto-kevitra revolisiona iray ny Mayans: ny isa aotra. |
21 | Zero is a symbol commonly used to represent nothing; however, the Mayan concept of zero doesn't imply an absence or a negation. | Marika iray entina hanehoana zavatra tsy misy ny aotra; nefa, ny foto-kevitra Mayan mikasika ny isa aotra tsy midika mihintsy tsy fisiana na fandàvana. |
22 | For the Mayans, zero has a sense of fullness. | Ho an'ny Mayans, midika ho fahafenoana ny aotra. |
23 | For instance, when writing the figure 20, the zero, put on the first level, simply indicates that the score is complete. | Ohatra, raha hanoratra ny isa 20, ny aotra, apetraka eo amin'ny laharana aloha, dia midika tsotra fotsiny fa feno ny isa. . |
24 | Today, this pre Hispanic tool is being used to make teaching math easier, among other uses: | Ankehitriny, nanjary nampiasaina io fitaovana talohan'ny tantara espaniôla io mba hahamora ny fampianarana matematika, ankoatra ireo fampiasàna hafa: |
25 | Used frequently, it fosters numerical ability, improves the power of concentration, logical thinking, memory, mental agility, orderly information processing and visual attention. | Fampiasa matetika, mamporisika ny fanamoràna manisa io, manatsara ny lafiny fihandronan-tsaina, fomba fisainana lojika, fitadidiana, hakingana ara-tsaina, firindràna eo amin'ny fikirakiràna ny vaovao ary fisarihana jery. |
26 | Using the nepo could be considered an excellent way of exercising the brain, as it keeps it active and flexible at any age. | Azo heverina ho làlana iray mahomby amin'ny fanazàrana ny atidoha ny fampiasana nepo, satria mitazona azy mba hihodina tsara ary mety foana ho an'ny salan-taona rehetra. |
27 | The nepo is one of few devices that stimulates a higher number of synapses (connections between neurons) between both brain lobes simultaneously, in addition to promoting children's development of their fine motor skills. | Ny nepo dia iray amin'ireo fitaovana vitsivitsy izay manetsika indray miaraka ny betsaka indrindra amin'ireo retsika (fifandraisan'ireo nerona mpitatitra hetsika) eo anelanelan'ireo lavaka ao amin'ny atidoha, fanampin'izany mba ho fanandratana ny fampivoaran'ireo ankizy ny fahaizan'izy ireo mampiasa ny maoterany. |
28 | This website has an instruction manual of how to use a nepohualtzintzin. | Ity tranonkala ity dia manolotra torolalana fampianarana ny fomba fampiasàna ny nepohualtzintzin. |
29 | In the video below, professor Everardo Lara González shows how to do mathematical calculations with a nepo: | Ao anatin'ny lahatsary eto ambany, asehon'ny profesora Everardo Lara González ny fomba fanaovana kajy matematika amin'ny nepo: |