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1Gabon to Mali: History of French Military Interventions in Africa
2[All links forward to french articles unless otherwise stated]Ireo Fitsabahana Ara-tafika Ataon'ny Frantsay Ao Afrika
3The French military intervention in Mali, known as Operation Serval [en] started on January 11, 2013 following the advance of terrorists groups towards Bamako.Nanomboka ny 11 Janoary ny firotsahana ara-tafika ataon'ny frantsay ao Mali, antsoina hoe Opération Serval, taorian'ny fandrosoan'ny vondrona islamista nankao Bamako.
4Lauded by a substantial part of the Malian population [en] and many outside observers, the military intervention diverts, however, from the non-interventionist line professed by French President Hollande in Africa.Noarahabain'ny ampahany tamin'ny vahoaka tao Mali sy ny mpanaramaso avy any ivelany, nefa miala amin'ny fitsipiky ny tsy fitsabatsabahana any Afrika nofaritan'ny filoha frantsay Hollande ity firotsahana ity.
5View L'intervention militaire étrangère au Mali in a larger map Google interactive map of the Malian conflict by Jeune AfriqueSarintany Google azo kitihana momba ny ady ao Mali, avy amin'ny Jeune Afrique ]
6Francis d'Alençon wonders why French interventions in Africa do not raise protests around the world:François d'Alençon manoratra ao amin'ny Afrika: nahoana no tsy miteraka fanoherana ireo fitsabahan'ny frantsay ireo…
7This is odd… The french intervention in Mali does not bother anyone whereas similar actions by the USA would have raised a storm of protests.. There are perks to not being the world's top super power.Hafahafa, hafahafa… Tsy manelingelina na iza na iza ny fitsabahan'ny frantsay ao Mali kanefa niteraka tafiotram-panoherana ny hetsika tahaka izany nataon'ny Amerikana… Tombony ny tsy maha-hery lehibe eran-tany azy.
8To illustrate his point, he quotes from the Cech newspaper Lidové noviny :Sady mitantara ampahan-dahatsoratra avy aminà gazety Tseky mpiseho isanandro Lidové noviny:
9The French have now intervened more than 50 times in Africa since 1960.« Hatramin'ny taona 1960, in-50 nitsabaka tao Afrika ny frantsay.
10They fought in Chad, in the war with Libya, protected regimes in Djibouti and the Central African Republic from rebels, prevented a coup in the Comoros and intervened in Côte d'Ivoire.Niady tany Tchad ry zareo, ny ady tsy vaky tao Libia, niaro ny fitondràna tao Djibouti sy ny Repoblika Centrafricaine tamin'ireo mpihoko, nanakana ny fanonganam-panjakana tao Kaomoro, nirotsaka tany Côte d'Ivoire.
11Whether to preserve economic interests, protect French nationals or showcase the still imposing power of France, the main tenants of the Palais de l'Élysée, either from the left or from the right wings, have frequently expressed their penchant for unilateral action.Na izany ho fiarovana tombontsoa ara-toekarena, na ho fiarovana ny teratany frantsay, na ho fanaporofoana ny maha-hery matanjaka ny firenena, ireo mpanofatranon'i Élysée, na ankavia izany na ankavanana, dia mazàna no nampiseho hatrany ny fironany aminà hetsika tsy ifampieràna.
12But … nobody has ever protested.… Na izany aza dia tsy misy mihitsy olona mitsipaka.
13If … the United States intervened in such a manner, there would be an endless sequence of protests in Europe.… Raha Etazonia no nitsabaka tamim-pitratrevatrevàna tahaka izany, dia mety nisy hetsi-panoherana tsy hita fiafaràna tao Eoropa tao.
14U.S. embassies would see angry diplomats coming through their doors, starting with the French ones.Ary dia hahita ireo diplaomaty tsy faly hitandahatra ho ao aminy ny masoivoho Amerikana, ny frantsay no ho lohalaharana. »
15Map of the Tuareg rebellion in Azawad, Northern Mali showing rebel attacks as of April 5, 2012 (CC-BY-3.Sarintany ahitàna ny fihokoana touareg ao Azawad, any avaratr'i Mali manondro ireo fanafihana nataon'ny mpihoko tamin'ny 5 Aprily 2012, avy amin'i Orionist tao amin'ny wikipédia (CC-BY-3.
160) Below is a chronology of these interventions [There are indeed quite a few of them but contrary to what the Cech newspaper stated, there were less than 50 french interventions in Africa ].0) Ity ambany ity ny fitantaràna manaraka ny datin'andro ireo fitsabahana frantsay ireo [marobe izy ireo nefa tsy araka ny voalazan'ilay gazety mpiseho isanandro, 50 latsaka no misy.
17It is based on two articles: one is a review written by Nestor N'Gampoula for Oeil d'Afrique and another one by Jean-Patrick Grumberg for Dreuz Info. Grumberg adds that most of the French interventions in Africa took place on former colonial soil :] mosintonina avy amin'ny fampiasàna ny fampahatsiahivana ireo firotsahana ara-tafiky ny frantsay tany Afrika nataon'i Nestor N'Gampoula sy ny an'i Jean-Patrick Grumberg ho an'ny Dreuz.info izay manipika fa ireny firotsahana ara-tafika ataon'i Frantsa ao Afrika ireny dia saika tany amin'ireo zanataniny fahiny avokoa :
18In 1964, airborne french troops landed in Libreville, Gabon after an attempted coup against the regime back then.Tamin'ny 1964, taorian'ny andrana fanonganam-panjakana hamelezana ny fitondràna tamin'izany fotoana, tonga tao Libreville tao Gabon ireo tafika notaterinà fiaramanidina.
19From 1968 to 1972, French troops took part in the fight against the rebellion in the Tibesti region in northern Chad.Ny 1968 hatramin'ny 1972, nisy miaramila frantsay nandray anjara tamin'ny ady nifanaovana tamin'ireo mpihoko tany Tibesti faritra avaratr'i Tchad.
20In 1978 in Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo), 600 French legionnaires went into the town of Kolwezi, in the south-east to help thousands of Africans and Europeans threatened by Katangan rebels.Ny 1978 tao Zaïre (Repoblika demokratikan'i Congo ankehitriny), lezionera frantsay 600 no nankany amin'ny tanànan'i Kolwezi, tany atsimo-atsinanana, mba hanavotra ireo Afrikàna sy Eoropeana an'arivony voarahon'ireo mpihoko “katange”.
21The mission was in response to a call for help made by President Mobutu Sese Seko to help his country.Io iraka io dia tohin'ny antso nalefan'ny filoha Mobutu Sese Seko ho fanampiana ny fireneny.
22The operation cost the lives of five legionnaires, but allowed the evacuation of 2700 Westerners.Namoizana ainà lezionera dimy io iraka io, saingy nahafahana namoaka Tandrefana 2.700.
23In 1979 in CAR, Emperor Jean-Bedel Bokassa is removed by French paratroopers during the Operation Barracuda.Ny 1979 tao Centrafrique, frantsay mpilatsaka amin'ny elonaina avy amin'ny opération Barracuda no nametraka ny amperora Jean-Bedel Bokassa 1er.
24From 1983-1984 in Chad, France undertook Operation Manta, a 3,000 men strong operation to face armed rebels supported by Libya.Ny 1983-1984, tao Tchad, nanao ny Opération Manta i Frantsa, nahitàna vata-miaramila 3.000, mba hiatrika ny fanafihan'ireo mpanohitra nitam-piadiana notohanan'i Libia.
25Two years later, another French military action, composed of mostly aerial attacks called “Operation Epervier“, was deployed after an anti-government attack.Roa taona taty aoriana, izany hoe ny 1986, nisy hetsika ara-tafika frantsay iray narafitra taorian'ny fanafihana ny fitondràna, hetsika nantsoina hoe « opération Épervier », izay an'habakabaka no tena betsaka.
26In Comoros in 1989, after the assassination of President Ahmed Abdallah and the takeover of the country by the French mercenary Bob Denard, about 200 French soldiers arrived in the country to force them to leave the country.Tamin'ny 1989 tao Kaomoro, taorian'ny namonoana ny filoha Ahmed Abdallah sy ny fakàna ny fifehezana ny firenena nataon'ilay mpikarama an'ady frantsay Bob Denard, miaramila teo amin'ny 200 teo no nitontona tao an-toerana, nanery ity farany handao ny firenena.
27In 1990, Paris sends troops to Gabon in Libreville and Port-Gentil in reinforcement of the French contingent after violent riots erupted.Tamin'ny 1990, nandefa andian-tafika tany Gabon ho any Libreville sy Port-Gentil i Paris ho tohana ho an'ireo miaramila frantsay efa tany, taorian'ireo korontana goavana tany.
28The operation allowed the evacuation of some 1,800 foreigners.Nahafahana nanavotra teratany vahiny 1.800 ilay hetsika.
29In 1991 in Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo), the Belgian and French troops managed to evacuate foreigners after violent riots and looting occurred in the country.Ny 1991, Zaïre (Repoblika Demaokratikan'i Congo ankehitriny), nahavita namoaka teratany vahiny ny andian-tafika frantsay sy belza taorian'ireo korontana sy fandrobàna nitranga tao amin'ny firenena.
30In 1991 still, French troops based in Djibouti help the Afar rebellion to disarm Ethiopian troops that had crossed the border following the overthrow of Ethiopian President Mengistu Haile Mariam.Ny 1991, nanampy ny mpihoko afar ireo andian-tafika frantsay nitoby tao Djibouti ary nanàla ny fitaovam-piadiana teny an-tànan'ny tafika Etiopiana izay niampita ny sisintany taorian'ny fionganan'ny filoha etiopiana Mengistu Hailé Mariam.
31In 1994, French and Belgian soldiers evacuate Europeans while Rwanda Hutus massacred hundreds thousands of Tutsis.Ny 1994, namoaka ireo Eoropeana tany Roandà ireo maramila frantsay sy belza, raha ireo Hutus kosa manao vonomoka Tutsi an'arivorivony.
32Later in the year, some 2,500 French soldiers, supported by african troops, launched “Operation Turquoise“, described as a humanitarian effort, in Zaire and in eastern Rwanda.Fotoana ela, io taona io ihany, nanao ny « Opération Turquoise » ireo miaramila frantsay teo amin'ny 2.500 eo, notohanan'ireo andiany avy amin'ny firenena afrikana, nofaritana ho toy ny ezaka noho ny maha-olona, avy any Zaïre hatrany atsinanan'i Roandà.
33In 1995, a thousand men involved in Operation Azalea ended another attempted coup against Comorian President Said Mohamed Djohar by Bob Denard.Ny 1995, vatan-dehilahy an'arivony no nandray anjara tamin'ny opération Azalée, nampandamoaka ny fikasana vaovao hanongam-panjakana nomanin'i Denard ho an'ny filoha Saïd Mohamed Djohar tao Kaomoro.
34In 1996 in the Central African Republic (CAR), operation Almandin secured the safety of foreigners and the evacuation of 1,600 people after the army mutinied against President Ange-Félix Patassé.Ny 1996 tany Centrafrique, izany ho taorian'ny fihokoan'ny tafika tamin'ny filoha voafidim-bahoaka Ange-Félix Patassé, ny opération Almandin no niantoka fandriana fahalemana ho an'ireo teratany vahiny sy ny famoahana ireo olona niisa 1.600.
35The following year in 1997, specifically after the murder of two French soldiers, a French operation against the mutineers was mandated in Bangui (Central African Republic).Ny taona manaraka 1997, ny marina kokoa dia taorian'ny famonoana miaramila frantsay roa, nisy hetsika frantsay nomena alàlana hiadiana amin'ireo mpihoko tao Bangui (Centrafrique).
36The same year, 1997, some 1,200 French soldiers rescued French and African expatriates during fighting between the Congolese army and supporters of the military leader Denis Sassou Nguesso, now President of the Republic of Congo.Ny taona 1997 ihany, miaramila frantsay teo amin'ny 1.200 teo no nanavotra ireo teratany frantsay sy afrikana nandritra ny ady nifanaovan'ny tafika Kongole sy ireo mpomba ny lehiben'ny tafika Kongole Denis Sassou Nguesso, filohan'ny Repoblikan'i Congo ankehitriny.
37In 2002, French forces undertook Operation Licorne to help Westerners trapped by a military uprising that effectively divided Côte-d'Ivoire in two regions.Ny 2002, nanangana ny opération Licorne ny tafika frantsay mba hanampiana ireo tandrefana lasa takalon'aina tamin'ny fihokoan'ny tafika, izay nahatonga ny fizaràn'i Côte-d'Ivoire ho roa.
38In 2003, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo), Operation Artemis in Ituri secured the area and put an end to ongoing massacres. This was followed by the deployment of 2,000 peacekeepers, 80% of which were French.Ny 2003, Zaïre (Repoblika Demaokratikan'i Congo ankehitriny), ny opération Artémis tany Ituri, avaratra atsinanana, no niantoka ny filaminan'ny faritra sy nampiato ny fifamonoana talohan'ny fiparitahan'ireo tafika misatroka manga niisa 2.000 izay frantsay ny 80%.
39In 2004 in Côte-d'Ivoire, France destroyed the small Ivorian airforce after government forces bombed a French base.Ny 2004, nopotehan-dry zareo ny tafika an-habakabaka kelin'ny Ivoariana tao Côte-d'Ivoire, taorian'ny daroka baomba nataon'ny tafi-panjakana nahazo ny toby frantsay.
40In 2008 a new French intervention strengthens the regime of Chadian President Idriss Deby and evacuated foreigners while rebels from neighboring Sudan attacked.2008 Firotsahana frantsay vaovao indray no nanamafy ny fitondràn'ny filoha tshadiana Idriss Deby sy namoaka ireo teratany vahiny nandritra ireo fanafihan'ny mpihoko izay niainga avy any Soudan teo akaiky eo.
41In March 2011 in Libya had the French airforces were the first to bomb Gaddafi forces after the vote at the United Nations authorized intervention in Libya to protect civilians caught up in the rebellion against Gaddafi.2011 tao Libia ny fiaramanidina frantsay no voalohany indrindra nandaroka baomba ny tafik'i Mouammar Kadhafi tamin'ny martsa, taorian'ny fifidianana nataon'ny Firenena Mikambana nanome alàlana ny firotsahana tao Libia ho fiarovana ny olon-tsotra lasa takalon'ain'ny fihokoana hanoherana an'i Kadhafi.
42NATO took command of the overall mission on March 31, a mission that helped the Libyan rebels to defeat the forces of the government and take power.Noraisin'ny OTAN ny fibaikoana ny iraka ankapobeny ny 31 Martsa, izay nahafahan'ireo libiana mpihoko nandresy ny tafi-panjakana sy naka ny fitondrana.
43In 2011 in Côte-d'Ivoire, French forces alongside UN forces tip the balance in favor of Ouattara during the civil war. The war broke out after the refusal of Laurent Gbagbo to resign and accept the verdict of the election that pronounced Alassane Ouattara as president.2011 - Côte-d'Ivoire - Natongilan'ny tafika fratsay ho any amin'ny tafiky ny ONU ny mizàna nandritra ny ady an-trano nipoaka taorian'ny nandàvan'i Laurent Gbagbo tsy hametra-pialàna sy hanaiky ny fandresen'i Alassane Ouattara tamin'ny fifidianana ho filoham-pirenena.
44France had decided to break with his role as “policeman of Africa” by refusing to intervene again in the Central African Republic where François Bozizé (former army chief who came to power by overthrowing the elected president Ange-Félix Patassé on March 15, 2003) faced a rebellion uprising.Nanapa-kevitra ny hanapaka ny maha « zandarin'i Afrika » azy i Frantsa tamin'ny nadàvany tsy hirotsaka an-tsehatra indray tao Centrafrique, toerana izay iatrehan'i François Bozizé (filohan'ny tafika teo aloha ary tonga eo amin'ny fitondràna tamin'ny alàlan'ny fanonganam-panjakana tamin'ny nanesorany an'i Ange-Félix Patassé, filoha voafidim-bahoaka ny15 martsa 2003) fihokoana.
45Little did he know that the events in Mali would force his hands :Raha tsy hilaza ihany koa zava-mitranga ao Mali :
46In 2013 in Mali, French bombarded Islamist rebels after they tried to expand their powerbase towards the Malian capital, Bamako.2013 - Mali - Daroka baomba ataon'ny tafika frantsay an'ireo islamista mpihoko taorian'ny andrana hanitaran-dry zareo ny toby famaharany hikisaka mankany amin'ny renivohitra maliana, Bamako.
47France had already warned that control of the north of Mali by the rebels posed a threat to the security of Europe.Efa nampitandrina sahady i Frantsa fa loza mitatao ho an'ny fandriampahalemana ao Eoropa ny fifehezan'ny mpihoko ny ilany avaratr'i Mali.
48At the same time, France has mounted a commando operation to try to save a French hostage held by al Shabaab militants in Somalia, also allied with al-Qaeda.Mandritra izany fotoana izany, niketrika ‘opératon commando' i Frantsa mba hanandramana hanavotra ny frantsay takalonaina tazonin'ny mpikatroka avy amin'ny al Shabaab ao Somalie, izay mpiara-dia ihany koa amin'ny Al-Qaïda.
49The hostage was killed by the militants.Toa hoe maty novonoina ilay takalonaina.