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1Indigenous Communities Live Complex Lives in a Disputed Corner of South AmericaFiarahamonina Indizeny Miaina Zava-tsarotra Noho Ny Disadisa Ao Amin'ny Faritra Amerika Atsimo
2A family paddle down the upper Rupununi River in their dugout canoe, north of the Kanuku Mountains Photo: Allan HopkinsFianakaviana mandeha lakana ao amin'ny Renirano Rupununi Ambony , avaratry ny tendrombohitra Kanuku. Sary: Allan Hopkins
3LP, whose identity will not be revealed for safety reasons, belongs to the Pemón Arekuna indigenous community located in Sakaiká, 125 kilometres from Santa Elena de Uairén.Anisan'ny vondrom-piarahamonina indizeny Pemón Arekuna ao Sakaiká, 125 kilaometatra miala ao Santa Elena de Uairén i LP, izay tsy ambara eto ny mombamomba azy noho ny antony ara-piarovana.
4Santa Elena is the main city in Venezuela's Gran Sabana district, close to the remote borderlands that separate the country from Brazil and Guyana.Santa Elena no tanàna lehibe voalohany ao amin'ny distrikan'i Gran Sabana ao Venezoela, akaiky ny sisintany mitoka-monina manasaraka ny firenena amin'i Brezila sy Guyana.
5Every time she wants to go back to her birthplace with her family, she takes a taxi or bus to Sakaiká and goes deep into the jungle.Isaky ny te-hiverina any amin'ny toerana nahaterahany miaraka amin'ny fianakaviany izy, mandray fiarakaretsaka na fiara fitateram-bahoaka izy ary miditra lalindalina ao anaty ala.
6This region currently called “Guyana” was once called Ikén by LP's ancestors, according to Mariano Gutiérrez Salazar's book Pemon Culture (Cultura Pemón, UCAB 2002).Efa nantsoin'ireo razamben'i LP hoe Ikén ity faritra antsoina amin'izao fotoana hoe “Goiana” ity, araka ny voalazan'ny bokin'i Mariano Gutiérrez Salazar Pemon Culture (Cultura Pemón, UCAB 2002).
7The large territorial extension is highlighted on some Venezuelan maps as Guayana Esequiba or “Zona en Reclamación” (Reclamation Zone) but avoided in many others.Asongadina ao amin'ny sarintany Venezoeliana ho Guayana Esequiba na “Zona en Reclamación” (Faritra Takiana) io saingy tsy mahasahy miteny na inona na inona ny hafa.
8It is a zone administered by the Cooperative Republic of Guyana and which the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela claims as part of its own territory.Faritra tantanin'ny Repoblika Koperativan'i Goiana izy fa lazain'ny Repoblika Bolivarianan'i Venezoela fa ao anatin'ny zarataniny.
9LP was born in Parima, an Arekuna community located on the other side of the Schomburgk Line, a border delineated in the 19th century following a boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana (now Guayana).Teraka tao Parima i LP, avy amin'ny vondrom-piarahamonina Arekuna miorina ao ambadiky ny Tsipika Schomburgk, sisintany voafaritra tamin'ny taonjato faha-19 taorian'ny ady sisintany teo amin'i Venezuela sy Guiana Britanika (Guayana ankehitriny).
10When her birth certificate was issued, however, she was listed as a native to San Rafael de Kamoirán, a Pemón Arekuna community located to the west side of the zone marked in red on the map below.Na izany aza, rehefa navoaka ny taratasy manamarina ny fahaterahany, voasoratra fa teratany tao San Rafael de Kamoirán, vondrom-piarahamonina Arekuna Pemon miorina ao amin'ny morony andrefan'ny faritra voamarika mena ao amin'ny sarintany eto ambany izy.
11In red: comprising the Guyanese territory between the Essequibo and Cuyuni rivers.Nolokoina mena: ahitana ny sisintany Goyaney eo anelanelan'ny renirano Essequibo sy Cuyuni.
12In green: comprising the Guyanese territory between the Cuyuni river and the Atlantic Ocean.Faritra maitso: ahitana ny sisintany Goyaney eo anelanelan'ny renirano Cuyuni sy ny ranomasimbe Atlantika.
13Both areas are claimed by Venezuela.Takian'i Venezuela ireo faritra roa ireo.
14Picture taken from Wikipedia under Creative Commons license CC BY-SA 3.0Sary nalaina tao amin'ny Wikipedia, Creative Commons license CC BY-SA 3.0
15The Parima community was converted to Adventism by foreign missionaries in the first half of the 20th century.Novain'ny misionera vahiny ho Advantista nandritry ny tapany voalohan'ny taonjato faha-20 ny vondrom-piarahamonina Parima.
16A dispatch published in the Adventist Missions Quarterly (Third Quarter, 1942) provides an insight into the nature of their conversion: Brother and Sister R.Manome topi-mason'ny fiovan'izy ireo ny tsipalotra nivoaka tao amin'ny gazetiboky Adventist Missions Quarterly (telovolana fahatelo, 1942) ;
17E. Brooks are at Parima Mission.Ao amin'ny Misionan'i Parima ry Rahalahy sy Ranabavy R.E. Brooks.
18They have a large number in their baptismal classes, and many were baptized in 1941.Manana olona marobe izy ireo ao amin'ny kilasy batisan'izy ireo, ary maro ireo natao batisa tamin'ny 1941.
19Indians come from Venezuela to study, and they carry the message back.Tonga ao Venezoela ny Indiana mba hianatra, ary mampita ny hafatra indray izy ireo avy eo.
20Catholic priests and generals from Venezuela have visited Parima, and they speak highly of our good work and our methods employed in teaching.Nitsidika an'i Parima ireo mpisorona sy jeneraly Katolika avy ao Venezoela, ary miresaka tsara momba ny asa sy ny fomba fampiasantsika amin'ny fampianarana.
21Brother Brooks is a colored man from Nicaragua, but was brought up among the Indians, and he seems to be well suited to work for them.Lehilahy mainty avy ao Nikaragoà ny rahalahy Brooks, saingy lehibe teo anivon'ny Indiana, ary toa mety tsara aminy ny miasa ho azy ireo.
22LP and her relatives carry provisions during an eight hour hike through the jungle to Parima.Mitondra vatsy mandritra ny dia maharitra adiny valo manavatsava ala mikitroka mankany Parima i LP sy ny havany.
23There is no customs office to report to.Tsy misy fadin-tseranana mahazatra hanaovana tatitra.
24Sometimes, she says, they stop halfway before crossing the river so they can cook, bathe and rest until dawn.Indraindray, hoy izy, mijanona atsasa-dalana izy ireo alohan'ny iampitana renirano mba ahafahana mahandro sakafo, mandro ary miala sasatra mandra-maraina.
25The next morning, after breakfast, they pick up the trail to their destination.Ny ampitso maraina, aorian'ny sakafo maraina, mandray ny sakeli-dalana mankany amin'ny toerana alehany izy ireo.
26She pronounces the word Parima with an accent.Manonona ny teny Parima miaraka amin'ny lantom-peony izy.
27Her native language is Arekuna and she learnt to speak English at a young age.Arekuna no tenin-drazany ary nianatra niteny anglisy izy tamin'ny mbola kely.
28She was able to master Spanish - the region's lingua franca - once her parents left Parima Mission to spread the gospel among the Taurepán community, with whom they share the same language.Nahavita nahafehy ny teny Espaniola - teny tsy voasakan-tsisintany ao amin'ny faritra izy - raha nandao ny Iraka Parima ny ray aman-dreniny mba hampiely filazantsara ao amin'ny vondrom-piarahamonina Taurepán, izay mitovy fiteny amin'izy ireo.
29LP is officially Pemón Arekuna.Amin'ny fomba ofisialy i LP dia Pemon Arekuna.
30Since the constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela came into force in 1999, the new national ID card recognizes the community and even indigenous group she belongs to.Nanomboka tamin'ny lalàmpanorenan'ny Repoblika Bolivariana ao Venezoela nanan-kery tamin'ny 1999, mankato ny vondro-piarahamonina sy ny vondrona indizeny misy azy ny karam-panondrom-pirenena vaovao.
31She estimates that several indigenous groups reside in the Essequibo region of Guyana: Sarao, Warao, Arawako, Kariña, Patamuná, Arekuna, Akawaio, Wapishana, Makushi and Wai Wai.Mihevitra izy fa vondrona teratany maro no monina ao amin'ny faritr'i Essequibo ao Goiana: Sarao, Warao, Arawako, Karina, Patamuná, Arekuna, Akawaio, Wapishana, Makushi ary Wai Wai.
32But many of these groups also live on both sides of the border and have been prosecuted by the Department of Immigration and Foreign Services for remaining in Santa Elena undocumented.Saingy maro amin'ireo vondrona ireo ihany koa no mipetraka ao amin'ny andaniny sy ankilan'ny sisintany ary efa nenjehan'ny Departemantan'ny ny fifindra-monina sy ny Sampan-draharaha misahana ny vahiny ho mitoetra tsy manana antontan-taratasy tao Santa Elena.
33“If they come back, they will be deported to Esequibo,” says LP.“Raha miverina izy ireo, dia ho afindra toerana any Esequibo”, hoy i LP.
34Venezuelan authorities demand the Warao people identify themselves as Pemón, so as to avoid being taken for Guayanés, a discriminatory strategy that denies them of their origins.Mangataka amin'ny vahoaka Warao ny manampahefana Venezoeliana mba hihevitra ny tenan'izy ireo ho Pemon, mba tsy handraisana azy ireo ho Guayanés, tetikady fanavakavahana manaisotra ny fiavian'izy ireo izany.
35The Arawako, which are the most numerous, along with Warao, Kariña, Arekuna and Akawaios, live both in Venezuela and Guayana.Monina any Venezoela sy Guayana ny Arawako, betsaka indrindra, miaraka amin'ny Warao, Karina, Arekuna sy Akawaios.
36Santa Elena de Uairén, Tumeremo and Puerto Ordaz are three locations in Venezuela's Bolívar State where these groups go to hospitals and collect daily provisions.Toerana telo ao amin'ny fanjakana Bolivariana ao Venezoela i Santa Elena de Uairén, Tumeremo sy Puerto Ordaz, mandeha any amin'ny hopitaly sy manangona vatsy isan'andro ireo vondrona ireo.
37They identify themselves as Guyanese or Amerindian.Mihevitra ny tenan'izy ireo ho Goyaney na Amerindianina izy ireo.
38Governments from each side of the border barely know about it but there is a group of Brazilian and Venezuelan citizens searching for gold and diamonds in the region.Zara raha mahafantatra izany tantara izany ny fitondram-panjakana andaniny sy ankilan'ny sisintany saingy misy vondrona olom-pirenena Breziliana sy ny Venezoelana mitady volamena sy diamondra ao amin'ny faritra.
39According to LP there are even “Chinese extracting wood” there, too.Araka ny filazan'i LP, misy mihitsy aza “Shinoa manapaka hazo” ao ihany koa.
40During the 1930's and 1940's DD's grandparents - relatives of LP's grandparents - “were rebels, they refused to wear clothes and to go to church.”Nandritra ny vanim-potoana 1930 sy 1940, “mpikomy ny ray aman-dreniben'i DD - sy ny havan'ny ray aman-dreniben'i LP, tsy nety nanao akanjo sy nankany am-piangonana izy ireo.”
41They left Parima and went deep into Kuyuní region.Nandao an'i Parima izy ireo ary niditra lalina tao amin'ny faritra Kuyuní.
42They settled in Inawai, as far up as Las Claritas, where an Adventist mission later arrived, which they joined.Nanorim-ponenana tao Inawai, hatrany Las Claritas izy ireo, izay nahatongavan'ny iraka Advantista taty aoriana, ka nidiran'izy ireo.
43According to DD:Araka ny filazan'ny DD:
44From Las Claritas, 88 kilometres on to San Martín de Turumbán, near Tumeremo (Sifontes district in Bolívar State), English is the dominant language between the indigenous people.Avy ao Las Claritas, 88 kilometatra mankao San Martín de Turumbán, akaikin'i Tumeremo (distrikan'i Sifontes ao amin'ny Fanjakana Bolívar), ny teny Anglisy no tena ampiasain'ny mponina teratany.
45DD believes the San Rafael de Kamoirán and Parima Mission are one and the same: both Arekuna communities.Mihevitra i DD fa iray sy mitovy ihany ny San Rafael de Kamoirán sy ny Misiona Parima: samy vondrom-piarahamonina Arekuna izy roa tonta ireo.
46San Rafael de Kamoirán was evangelized by Catholic missionaries at the same time Parima was evangelized by the Adventists.Ny misionera Katolika no nitory ny evanjely tamin'ny San Rafael de Kamoirán ary ny Advantista no nitory teny filazantsara tamin'ny Parima tao natin'ny vanim-potoana iray.
47San Martín de Turumbán as well as San Ignacio de Yuruaní, both districts of Bolívar State, are communities that were founded by indigenous people from the Esequibo, those who once accepted the Venezuelan nationality but later became refugees.Ny San Martín de Turumbán sy ny San Ignacio de Yuruaní, samy distrikan'ny Fanjakana Bolívar dia vondro-piarahamonina natsangan'ny mponina teratany avy ao Esequibo, ireo izay nanaiky ny zom-pirenena Venezoelana saingy nanjary mpitsoa-ponenana taty aoriana.
48Regarding the boundary dispute between Venezuela and Guayana, DD says:Mikasika ny ady tany eo amin'i Venezoela sy Guayana, dia hoy i DD:
49That problem is nonsense to us.Tsy misy dikany aminay izany olana izany.
50People from both sides of the border have been visiting each other.Mifamangy ny olona sarahan'ny sisintany
51While LP says:Raha nilaza kosa i LP hoe:
52Our representatives from both sides are politicised, that's why we have to get together and make a statement as indigenous [peoples].Atao fitaovana politika ireo solontenanay avy amin'ny roa tonta, izany no mahatonga anay tsy maintsy miaraka sy manao fanambarana ho [vahoaka] teratany.
53In the book Cultura pemón, several pages are dedicated to the Makunaimas, intrepid characters in Pemón legends.Ao amin'ny boky Cultura pemón, pejy maromaro no natokana ho an'ny Makunaima, mpilalao be herim-po ao amin'ny angano Pemón.
54One story runs that Wei, the Sun, and a father to all Makunaimas, “like a good Pemón, travels to Ikén in search for provisions.”Milaza ny tantara iray fa “tahaka ny Pemon tsara, mankany Ikén mba hikaroka vatsy” i Wei, Sun sy ny rain'ny Makunaima rehetra.
55In this sense, his descendants are following in his footsteps, however difficult the journey.Amin'izany, manaraka ny diany ny taranany, na dia mafy aza ny dia.