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1This Mexican Author Says Languages Aren't Straitjackets, but Tools to Start a Bilingual ConversationNilaza Ilay Teratany Meksikana Mpanoratra Fa Tsy Toy Ny Akanjo Famehy Adala Akory Ny Teny, Fa Fitaovana Entina Hanombohana Resaka Amin'ny Fiteny Roa Samihafa
2Mexican author Cristina Rivera Garza speaking to a panel at the 2015 LéaLA Spanish-language book fair in Los Angeles.Sarin'ilay Meksikana mpanoratra antsoina hoe Cristina Rivera Garza nanao lahateny teo anoloan'ny mpanatrika ny hetsika (LéaLA), fetibe fankalazana ny boky amin'ny fiteny Espaniola tao Los Angeles tamin'ny taona 2015.
3Credit: Betto Arcos.Naka sary: Betto Arcos.
4Published with PRI's permissionNavoaka sy nahazoana alàlana avy amin'i PRI
5This article and radio report by editor William Troop and producer Betto Arcos for The World originally appeared on PRI.org on May 19, 2015, and is republished here as part of a content-sharing agreement.Nivoaka tao amin'ny PRI.org voalohany indrindra tamin'ny 19 Mey 2015 ity lahatsoratra sy tatitra an'onjam-peo nataon'ilay mpanoratra, William Troop sy ilay mpamokatra, Betto Arcos, ho an'ny The World ity , ary averina avoaka eto indray mba ho ampahany amin'ny fifanarahana amin'ny fifampizaràna votoaty.
6Cristina Rivera Garza is a Mexican writer and professor who has developed her career on both sides of the US-Mexico border.Teratany Meksikana mpanoratra sy mpampianatra i Cristina Rivera Garza ary sady nanitatra ny fahaizany tany Etazonia no tao Meksika.
7Her novels in Spanish have won literary awards in Mexico, and she's taught writing both in Mexico and the United States.Nibatàny amboara teo amin'ny literatiora tao Meksika ireo tantara noforoniny tamin'ny fiteny Espaniola, efa nampianatra nanoratra tao Meksika sy Etazonia izy.
8So she knows what it's like to work and write in both Spanish and English.Ka hainy tsara hoe toy ny ahoana izany miasa sy manoratra amin'ny fiteny Espaniola sy Anglisy izany.
9Producer Betto Arcos caught up with her at LéaLA, the Spanish-language book fair in Los Angeles, and asked her what it's like being a published author in two languages, and how living on both sides of the border has affected her work.Tafaresaka taminy ilay mpamokatra antsoina hoe Betto Arcos nandritra ny fotoana nanaovana ny hetsika LéaLA, fetibe fankalazana ny boky amin'ny fiteny Espaniola tao Los Angeles, nanontany azy ity farany hoe toy ny ahoana izany mpanoratra nahavoaka ny sanganasany amin'ny fiteny roa samihafa izany, ary ahoana no fiantraikan'ny niainany tamin'ireo firenena roa ireo tamin'ny asany.
10Here's an edited transcript of their conversation.Ity manaraka ity ny dika nalaina avy amin'ny tafatafan'izy ireo .
11Cristina Rivera Garza: I'm a Mexican author who's been living in the United States for the last 25, 26 years.Cristina Rivera Garza: Teratany Meksikana mpanoratra aho ary nipetraka tao Etazonia nandritra ny 25, 26 taona farany teo.
12I'm a Norteña in Mexico, I was born in Matamoros, Tamaulipas.Norteña aho ao Meksika, Teraka tao Matamoros, Tamaulipas.
13This is the city on the other side of the border from Brownsville, Texas.Tanàna any ambadikin'ny sisintany amin'ny ilany miala avy ao Brownsville, Texas.
14And I've been living in San Diego, California, for a number of years on the other extreme of the border as well.Dia nipetraka tao San Diego, California ihany koa aho, nandritra ny taona maromaro izay any amin'ny tendrony ilany amin'ilay sisintany ihany.
15You know, most of my creative work, I've been publishing that in Spanish.Hitanao, nataoko tamin'ny fiteny Espaniola ny ankamaroan'ny sanganasa noforoniko.
16Most of my academic work, I've published in English.Ary navoakako tamin'ny fiteny Anglisy kosa ny ankabeazan'ny asa nataoko tany am-pianarana.
17And for a while that kind of division worked quite well.Hitako fa mety tsara io fomba fizarazaràko azy io aloha hatramin'izao.
18But for the last 7 years I've been teaching in the MFA program in creative writing at the University of California-San Diego, and I've been teaching in English mostly.Fa nandritra ny 7 taona lasa nampianaraka tao amin'ny fandaharam-pianarana MFA momba ny haisoratra araham-pamoronana, tao amin'ny Anjerimanotnolon'i California-San Diego, dia saika tamin'ny teny Anglisy no ankamaroan'ny fampianarako.
19No, not mostly, only.Ahitsiko kely, tsy hoe ny ankamaroany fa tena io ihany.
20And so that difference, the fact that I saw myself as a Mexican author writing in Spanish and as a continental academic writing in English - all of that was somewhat subverted by this experience.Dia izay no mahasamihafa azy, teratany Meksikana sy mpanoratra boky amin'ny fiteny Espaniola no fahitako ny tenako ary toy ny olona avara-pianarana mipetraka ato anatin'ny kaontinanta fa manoratra amin'ny fiteny anglisy - somary voafolaky ny toe-javatra niainako izany rehetra izany.
21Obviously, I've been here for such a long time that I've been writing also in English, things that I've decided not to publish.Mazava be, efa ela loatra aho no nipetraka teto ka nanoratako ihany koa tamin'ny fiteny anglisy, safidiko manokana no tsy hamoaka azy.
22But that might be changing in the near future.Kanefa mety hiova izany ao aoriana kely ao.
23Betto Arcos: What do you mean subverted?Betto Arcos: Inona no tinao hambara amin'ilay hoe vofolaka?
24What's that experience about?Inona izany toe-javatra niainanao izany?
25CRG: Well, I've been very concerned with, and I want to maintain, my dialogue with Mexican literature, with Mexican authors, with Mexican readers as well.CRG: Hay, noraisiko ho tena zava-dehibe, ary tiako ho tazonina hatrany, ny fifampiresahana amin'ny literatiora Meksikana, ny fifaneraserana amin'ireo teratany Meksikana mpanoratra, ary hatramin'ireo teratany Meksikana mpamaky ihany koa.
26But living here for such a long time, I've had to be aware of the fact that we not only have Mexican readers on this side of the border but also Mexicans who've been reading both in English and Spanish.Kanefa amin'ny maha-efa ela ny nipetrahako teto, tsy maintsy nataoko an-tsaina ny hoe tsy teratany Meksikana ihany akory ireo mpamaky aty amin'ity ilan'ny sisintany ity fa ao ihany koa ireo Meksikana izay mahay mamaky teny anglisy sy Espaniola.
27So for me it has become an issue of just plain awareness, of where I'm located and the kind of critical conversation that I would like to engage with.Amiko dia lasa karazana hetsika fanentanana fotsiny ihany izy io, fampafantarana ny toerana misy ahy sy ny karazana adihevitra fanakianana tiako idirana.
28Based on that, I had to subvert my own way of thinking.Miankina amin'izay mantsy no ahafahako mamolaka ny fomba fijeriko manokana.
29You know, that difference between a Mexican author who publishes in Spanish, and an academic who can publish in both Spanish and English - it does make sense, and it's kind of easy.Hitanao izay fahasamihafàn'ny teratany Meksikana mpanoratra izay, izay mamoaka ny sanganasany amin'ny fiteny Espaniola, sy ny mpampianatra izay mahavita mamokatra ny azy sady amin'ny fiteny Espaniola no amin'ny fiteny Anglisy - misy dikany tsara mihitsy izany, sady tsotra kely ihany koa.
30But at the same time, it does not cover the complexity of our contemporary world, the geopolitics on which I'm located right now.Kanefa mandritra izay fotoana izay, tsy mbola maharakotra ny olana saro-bahàna ananan'ny tontolo mis antsika amin'izao vanim-potoana izao io, sy ny politika mifamatotra amin'ny toerna misy ny tany misy ahy amin'izao fotoana izao.
31So that has to change, and it has changed in fact.Noho izany ilaina ny fiovan' izany, ary dia tena niova tokoa moa.
32BA: Is it fair to say that you have a thinking cap you put on when you write in English, and a thinking cap you use when you write in Spanish?BA: Rariny ve raha tenenina hoe manana fomba fieritreritra hafa ianao rehefa manoratra amin'ny fiteny Anglisy, ary iray hafa koa ampiasainao rehefa manoratra amin'ny fiteny Espaniola ?
33What's the difference between the two?Inona no maha samihafa azy roa ireo?
34CRG: That's a very interesting question, and a very hard one to answer.CRG: Tsara mihitsy izany fanontaniana izany, ary iray tena saro-baliana ihany koa.
35I thought that there was a difference until very recently, when I was forced to be aware of something.Raha ny eritreritro dia vao haingana kely no nahatsapako ny fahasamihafan'izy ireo, rehefa injay aho voatery tsy maintsy hamantatra ny zava-misy.
36That is, I've been writing material in Spanish that once I get to read it very carefully, and once some translators have been trying to translate this into English, I realized that very often I'm writing this material both in English and Spanish, the original version.Izany hoe, nanoratra tamin'ny fiteny Espaniola momba ny zavatra iray hita maso azo tsapain-tanana aho, ka raha vao namaky azy tsara aho, ary raha vao niezaka nanao ny fandikàna azy io ho amin'ny fiteny anglisy ireo mpandika teny sasantsasany, dia tsapako fa matetika aho manoratra ny dika-teny orizinalin'io zavatra io amin'ny fiteny Anglisy sy Espaniola.
37And that somehow that gets into the very DNA of the writing.Ohatran'ny hoe izy io no tena mamehy ny (ADN) tarazon'ny resaka fanoratana.
38So there is no special side or special compartment for each of these languages.Araka izany dia tsy misy toerana na koa efitrefitra manokana ho an'ny tsirairay amin'ireo fiteny ireo.
39They come in waves, they are totally intertwined.Toy ny onja ny fiavian'izy ireo, ary mifamatopatotra tanteraka.
40And it's more a matter of with whom I want to have this conversation, rather than what kind of material I'm working with closely on my own.Ny fanontaniana tsara apetraka eto dia mirona bebe kokoa any amin'ny hoe olona iza no tiako hanaovana izany resaka izany, fa tsy hoe karazan-javatra toy inona no iasàko akaikikaiky bebe kokoa.
41So I've been writing bilingually for a number of years.Taorian'izay dia nanoratra tamin'ny fiteny roa samihafa aho nandritra ny taona maromaro.
42But I've been publishing that in Spanish because that's the conversation that I've been fostering.Fa tamin'ny fiteny Espaniola no namoahako izany satria io no resaka tiako amporisihana.
43And [now] I see the tremendous richness that comes to my own world by fostering the same kind of conversation with readers on this side of the border who might be reading both in Spanish and in English.Ary [ankehitriny] mahatsapa harena lehibe aho eo amin'ny fiainako nohon'ny famporisihako ny karazana resadresaka toy io izay nifanaovako tamin'ireo mpamaky avy amin'ity ilan'ny sisintany ity izay mety mahay mamaky azy amin'ny fiteny Espaniola sy Anglisy.
44And I'm not talking about mastery of both languages.Ary tsy miresaka momba ny fahafehezako ireo fiteny roa ireo aho.
45I'm talking about taking or borrowing aspects of English, and aspects of Spanish, and combining them in ways that are even to me ways that I'm not necessarily expecting.Fa miresaka momba ny fakàna na findràmana ny endriky ny fiteny Anglisy, sy ny fiteny Espaniola, ary ny fampitambàrana azy roa ireo amin'ny fomba izay na izaho aza mety tsy voatery ho niandrandra azy akory.
46And what I'm looking at right now is just to start fostering, and to engage actively with, a conversation with the men and women that I live with here in this country.Ny zavatra tadiaviko ankehitriny dia ny hanomboka fotsiny hamporisika sy handray anjara mavitrika amin'ny fifampiresahana iray miaraka amin'ireo lehilahy sy vehivavy miaina eto amin'ny firenena.
47I've been here for such a long time, and it seems to me I've been waiting, I've been slow to react and that's my time right now.Efa ela loatra aho no nipetraka teto, ary ho ahy dia toy ny hoe niandriandry izany aho, niadana loatra ny fomba fiasako ary efa fotoana izao ho ahy.
48BA: You touch on something very interesting.BA: Zavatra tena mahaliana loatra izany lazainao izany.
49Because when I write, when I try to say something, there are so many ways I can say it in English.Satria rehefa manoratra aho, na koa rehefa miezaka mampita zavatra, dia misy fomba maro ahafahako milaza izany amin'ny fiteny Anglisy.
50And then I try and adapt it to Spanish, and sometimes it doesn't work.Kanefa rehefa miezaka mandika izany amin'ny fiteny Espaniola aho, dia matetika tsy mety loatra ny filazako azy.
51What's your experience with that?Afaka zarainao ve ny traikefanao eo amin'izay lafiny izay?
52CRG: Yeah, but the thing is if you're trying to force that - well, that happens to me.CRG: ie, fa mety foana ny zava-drehetra rehefa atao rehefa terena ho mety - Izay mihitsy no nitranga tamiko.
53If I don't follow not only the language but the format, the structure, the syntax in which that thought or that specific construction came to me, then I get into a lot of trouble.Rehefa tsy manaraka fotsiny ny fitsipika amin'ny fiteny, ny endriny, ny firafiny, ary ny rarinteny izay napetraka na koa ny fiforonany manokana izay natolotra ahy aho dia sendra olana foana.
54And at times it's so massive that I become paralyzed!Ary misy fotoana tsapako goavana loatra ilay izy ka henoko lasa malemy mihitsy aho!
55And it's much easier and much more organic when I just let it go, and I start to write in a way that seems to be more faithful to my own perception, and to the way in which my body reacts to the world that is surrounding me at that point.Moramora kokoa sady mampisy hery kokoa ahy rehefa alefako manaraka ny onja fotsiny ilay izy, dia manomboka manoratra amin-toky izay mifanaraka amin'ny fomba fijeriko manokana aho, sy izay tsapan'ny vatako amin'ny zavatra mitranga eo amin'ny tontolo manodidina ahy amin'io fotoana io.
56So I guess that's the transformation that I'm talking about.Ka mino aho fa izay ilay fiovana noresahako teo.
57Instead of looking at languages as straitjackets, as disciplinarian ways in which I have to behave, I'm taking what is more useful, what is more truthful to the kinds of things that I want to convey, to the kinds of materials that I want to share.Raha tokony handray ny fiteny ho akanjo famehy adala aho, na koa fitsipika napetraka tokony arahako, dia tena ilaina izay noresahako, tena mifanaraka amin'ny zavatra tiako hampitaina, ary izay karazana fitaovana tiako ho zaraina. Dia izay no nataoko, mety tsy lavorary tanteraka ny fanoratako ny fiteny Espaniola na Anglisy.
58And so I've been doing it, and I mean this might not be in perfect Spanish or it might not be in perfect English.Nefa kosa rehefa manoratra isika dia tsy dia miasa saina loatra amin'ny fahaizana mamolaka izany na ny fanindriana ny hafa na koa ny fahazoana toerana ambony.
59But when we write we're not concerned about matters of mastery or dominion or power.Rehefa manoratra isika, miresaka ny tena hevitra lalina fonosin'ny fifaneraserana, fomba lalindalina kokoa ifandraisana amin'ny olon-kafa.
60When we write, we're talking about a deeper sense of communication, a deeper way of getting in contact with other human beings.
61So that's what concerns me right now.Ary izay no hifantohan'ny saiko amin'izao.
62That kind of possibility.Ny karazana fomba ahafahana manatanteraka tahaka izany.