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1Giants, Hackers, Trolls: Where Mythology and Online Activism MeetMba Ho Heno Amin'ny aterineto: Thor, Ireo Mpanao Sangy Ratsy Ary Ireo Mpikatroka Mafàna Fo Amin'ny Fampahalalam-baovao
2Netizens have come to know a “troll” as “someone who posts a deliberately provocative message” to fuel an argument online. That these inflammatory net users were labeled as “trolls” was no accident.Ireo mpisera anaty aterineto, ireo mpanaitra, ireo mpanao gazety, ireo mpijirika tsy ara-dalàna ary ireo mpanao sangy ratsy dia namorona ny tontolo virtoaly vokatry ny fakàna sary an-tsaina ifotony tety amin'ny aterineto, izay mitarika antsika - mba hamerina indray ny filazan'i Michel Maffesoli - ao anatin'ny “fahaterahana vaovao mifototra amin'ny anganongano”
3The original meaning of a troll is found in Scandinavian mythology, in which trolls are “creatures bent on mischief and wickedness.”Amin'ny endriny mahazatra, ny angano dia tantara mitondra aminà asa sy ireo mpandray anjara, tantara iray averimberina sy natao ho fomba araka izay tratra, mba hampahafantarana fahamarinana iray.
4In fact, the online world has much more in common with the mythological world than you might expect. Many of the roles that have emerged in the Internet age are very similar to the structure used in traditional tales to impart some truth to listeners.Na dia fomba iray miavaka mihitsy natao hanehoan-kevitra aza ny angano, dia mbola sarotra raisina sy adika, toy ny fijoroan'ilay mpanoratra Asher Wolf ho vavolombelona mikasika ilay mpijirika atao hoe Andrew Auernheimer ao anatinà lahatsoratra iray mampitahotra mitondra ny lohateny hoe Ny loza mahatsiravin'ny famonjana an'i Weev, mpaminanin'ny fisarahana ety anaty aterineto [en] :
5For instance, Loki, in Scandinavian folklore, is a trickster, a character set on breaking rules for ultimately positive effects.Ny manoratra mikasika an'i Weev dia dingana iray misavorovoro, izay tahaka ny mifanaraka tsara ihany. Miovaova ireo fanoritana ny tantarany.
6In the online world, a trickster is a whistleblower, the unconventional agent who will alert the rest of the world in order to trigger social change, such as former United States army soldier Bradley Manning, who is accused of passing on classified information to WikiLeaks.
7In the same vein, blacksmiths and dwarves take material in its raw form and build objects that allow the gods to fight against their enemies.Miova araka izay olona anontanianao ireo fomba filaza. Na dia ireo filazana ataon'i Weev manokana mikasika ny tantarany aza dia miovaova isaky ny mandeha
8They give the raw material a shape that is useful and understandable, similar to what professional and citizen journalists do with information that is made available online by WikiLeaks.Ny angano, amin'ny endrika azo ampifanolosoloana, dia vakiana ao amin'ny fakàna sary an-tsaina ifotony raha toa ny fahamarinana ampitainy ka ahafahana miatrika ny korontana ivelany amin'ny alàlan'ny fametrahana hery manitsaka ny lalàna.
9And in Norse mythology, when Thor and the other gods fail to launch Baldr's funeral ship so that he may be resurrected in the other world, they call upon a giantess of supernatural power to propel the ship forward.Anatin'ny angano tavaratra, rehefa tsy vitan'i Thor sy ireo olo-masina sasany ny nanosika ny sambo nisy ny fatin'i Baldr izay hahafahany mitsangana amin'ny maty any amin'ilay tontolo hafa, dia miantso vehivavy goavambe iray manana hery lehibe tsy takatry ny saina ry zareo.
10In the online world, organizations of “giant” power such as Anonymous throw their weight behind information or causes to increase their awareness. Whistleblowers and trickstersAnatin'ny fijery toy izay ihany, ireo mpanefy sy ireo olona fonentana kely dia mamorona fitaovana hahafahan'ireo andriamanitra miady amin'ireo fahavalony, raha toa kosa ka manangona ny heriny rehetra i Loki, ilay mpanao fanovà-maso, manàla azy amin'ny famoronana trangan-javatra mandrafitra ny tantaran'ireo masina.
11Ankehitriny tahaka ny omaly, ny setrin'ny fanakantsakanana ny tosaka ilaina amin'ny fampandehanana tsara ny rafitra iray dia mitoetra ao anatin'ny fandrindràna ny fanairana (mpanao fanovà-maso/mpanaitra), ny famosahana (mpanefy/mpisera anaty aterineto) ary avy eo dia ireo vesatra (goavana sy mpanao sangy ratsy/mpijirika) amin'io tosaka io ihany
12Illustration of Alfred Smedberg's “The boy who never was afraid”, John Bauer, 1912.Fanaingoana an-tsary ny Ilay zazalahikely tsy nanan-tahotra mihintsy, an'i Alfred Smedberg, John Bauer, 1912.
13Public domainSehatra ho an'ny daholobe
14A trickster often times effects positive change through scheming and thievery, despite perhaps having less-than-pure intentions.Ao anaty fiaraha-monina izay tsy mampahafantatra mivantana sy amin'ny fomba mahitsy ny vaovao, no mipoitra ny mpanoratra izay mitondra mankamin'ny fisokafan'ny làlam-baovao sady mandavaka ireo làlana navilivily.
15Bradley Manning himself noted this when he admitted during testimony that he took classified government information about the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, according to a transcript of his statements:Ny tantaran'ilay mpanaitra Bradley Manning, ohatra, dia indroa miantaona no mampahatsiahy antsika izany. Nisy aloha ny fihetsiny mamoka ireo vaovao efa nampirimina, toy ny nitranga tamin'ny fanoratana nataon'i Alexa O'Brien mikasika ny fijoroany vavolombelona [en]:
16I created copies of the CIDNE-I and CIDNE-A SigAct tables as part of the process of backing up information.Namorona dika mitovin'ireo tabilao CIDNE-I sy CIDNE-A SigAct aho mba ho fitehirizana ny vaovao.
17At the time I did so, I did not intend to use this information for any purpose other than for back up.Tamin'ny fotoana nanaovako io, tsy nanana hevitra hafa ampiasana io vaovao io aho afatsy ny hiarovana azy.
18However, I later decided to release this information publicly.Kanefa, taty aoriana kely dia nanapa-kevitra aho ny hamoaka ampahibe-maso io vaovao io.
19At that time, I believe and still believe that these tables are two of the most significant documents of our time.Tamin'izay fotoana izay, nieritreritra aho ary mierireritra foana fa ireo tabilao ireo dia roa amin'ireo tahirin-kevitra tena manandanja indrindra amin'izao vanim-potoanantsika izao.
20His role as whistleblower (or, as the french say, “alert-launcher”) is characterized by his aim - he again testified - to trigger national debate on the role of the US military and on US foreign policy.Ny toerana tànany, whistleblower, na mpandefa fanairana amin'ny teny frantsay, dia asehon'ny maha-mpandrindra ireo angona azy mba ho, hoy ny fijoroana vavolombelona nataony ihany, fanetsehana adihevitra nasionaly mikasika ny anjara andraikitry ny tafika amerikana sy ny politika ivelany any Etazonia.
21His actions helped to re-establish a line of communication between the government, which was holding back a certain truth, and the population, which had been deprived of it.Ny asany dia nahafahana namerina ny fifandraisana teo amin'ny rafitry ny governemanta izay mitàna ny fahamarinana sy ny vahoaka izay tsy notolorana izany.
22While his decision might be justified from a purely humanist standpoint, it nevertheless is considered a crime.Raha araka ny fizotry ny fisainana maha-olombelona dia voamarina ny fanapahan-keviny, fandikàna an-tsitrapo ny lalàna governemantaly ihany anefa io.
23Manning found himself being challenged, rejected, or even ignored by the mass media.Ka dia nariana araka izany ny teny nambaran'i Bradley Manning, nolavina sy tena nodian'ny media tsy nojerena mihitsy.
24WikiLeaks and blacksmithsSaingy nahita tetezana iray ny tantara.
25Ny famerenana ny maha-tokana an-tany azy sy ny marina mikasika izay tena nanosika an'i Manning no andraikitra tsy miato tànan'i Alexa O'Brien sy Kevin Gosztola na koa Fondation misahana ny Fahalalahan'ny asa fanaovana gazety izay namoaka ho fanta-bahoaka ny rakipeo iray [en] nisy fijoroana vavolombelon'ny miaramila iray, namerina araka izany ny endrika iray iankinan'ny ain-dehibeny sy ny tena endrik'ilay mpisehatra izay notehirizina tanatin'ny haizina hatramin'ny namonjàna azy tamin'ny 2010.
26Manning then gave the stolen information to WikiLeaks, who worked and shaped the data in a way not dissimilar to the blacksmiths of mythology.Raha toa ka efa misy azo raisina ny dika tsy ofisialy amin'io fanambaràny io, io no manamarika voalohany indrindra ny nandrenesan'ny vahoaka amerikana ny tena feo marin'i Manning.
27Manazava ao amin'ny tribonaly miaramila izy, amin'ny figadony manokana sy ireo teny naloaky ny vavany, ny fomba sy ny antony nahatonga azy nanome ilay lahatsary avy amin'ny angidimby Apache, ireo tantaran'ny ady tany Afganistana sy tany Iraka, ary ireo Telegraman'ny Departemantam-Panjakana misahana ny Diplaomasia ho any Wikileaks
28Figures such Julian Assange and Birgitta Jónsdóttir, a member of the Icelandic parliament, processed and analyzed what Manning had given them.Ny vaovao naparitaka na izany aza dia tsy voatery ho ny vahoaka rehetra no hahita azy ary amin'ny lafiny faharoa dia tsy maintsy volavolaina sy nomena endrika.
29The work was journalistic, identifying the context, the players, and the political implications to ensure the information's full impact. Julian Assange described the role:Ao anatin'ny tantaran'i Bradley Maning, voarain'ny Wikileaks ireo angona, mnohadihadiana sy nokirakiran'ireo olona toa an'i Julian Assange na Birgitta Jónsdóttir, mpikambana ao amin'ny parlemantan'ny Islandy.
30Quantum mechanics and its modern evolution left me with a theory of change and how to properly understand how one thing causes another.Tena asanà mpanao gazety marina mihitsy no nomena toerana, mba hanamarinana ny vanim-potoana, ireo olona sy ny fifandrohizana ara-politika, izany dia mba hiantohana izay ho fiantrakany. Andraikitra noeritreretin'i Julian Assange araka izao manaraka izao [en] :
31In other words, so long as the key facts are not actively identified, they remain uncertain and elusive.Ny “mécanique quantique” sy ny fivoarany maoderina dia nahafahako nisaina tari-kevitra momba ny fiovàna sy mahazo tsara hoe nahoana ny zavatra iray no mitarika zavatra iray hafa.
32WikiLeaks is not the only entity to assume the role of a blacksmith.Amin'ny teny hafa, raha vao tsy voafaritra ireo tahirin-kevitra, dia mitoetra ho toy ny kisendrasendra sy tsy azo raisina.
33Citizen journalists also play a part in forging information into an understandable form.Ny anjaran'ny Wikileaks izany dia manjary lasa toy ny manondro, manonona anarana ary mamelabelatra.
34The extensive research and dissemination efforts carried out most notably by Heather Mash and Jemila Hanan [fr] related to the living conditions of Myanmar's persecuted Muslim minority, the Rohingya community, are an important example of this.Tsy voafaritra ho amin'ny wikileaks io fibodoana ny hetsiky ny mpandrindra ny vaovao io ary mahita ny fahatanterahany ao anatin'ny fanaovan-gazetin'olon-tsotra izay ny mpisera tsirairay ao aty aterineto no lasa media
35This journalistic work is more than just a mediating role, as Hanan explained in a February 2013 post on her blog:Ao anatin'izay sary izay no voasoratra ny asa mitomandavan'ny fikarohana sy ny fanelezana natao, indrindra indrindra, nataon'i Heather Mash sy Jemila Hanan, mikaska ireo fepetram-piainan'ny vondron'olona Rohingya any Birmania [en]
36Be lavitra noho ny andrakitra maha mpandrindra ny vaovao, maka toerana koa vokatr'io asanà mpanao gazety maboraka ny zava-mitranga io, ny fisaintsainana momba ny fomba fanaon'ny olom-pirenena mikasika ny fikirakirana vaovao: Toy izay amelabelaran'i Jamila Hanan azy ao anatin'ny lahatsoratry [en] tamin'ny febroary 2013 :
37There is no precedent for using social media to stop a genocide - this is uncharted territory.Tsy mbola nisy tany alohatany ny fampiasana ny media sosialy mba hampiatoana ny famonoan'olona maro - farita tsy mbola nisy nitrandraka (virijiny) io.
38We need to use social media to create and be the media, us, the people.Ilaintsika ny mampiasa ireo media sosialy mba hananganan-javatra sy mba ho media, isika vahoaka. Ireto avy no tanjontsika: 1 / manely vaovao ; 2 / mametraka fifandraisana ; 3 / mandrisika ny vahoaka hihetsika
39Our objectives are to: 1. disseminate information; 2. make connections; 3. encourage people to act. Anonymous and giantsTsy mihodina ny vaovao, ny vahoaka no mandray ny faneva ary mamatsy ireo fikarohana manokana ataony mba hiteraka ny fifamezivezena tena fototry ny ainy, manaraka sori-dalana iray vaovao tanteraka mihitsy:
40But Manning's information and WikiLeaks' analysis would have been pointless without an audience.@GeorgieBC : Io asa fanaovan-gazety izay nividiananareo tapakilana fiaramanidina io, nefa ny asa maimaimpoana.
41It was not enough to simply unearth and to shape the information - something needed to intervene so that information was actually read.Izay mba angatahan'i Assed, dia ny mba hovakian'ny vahoaka ny: http://www.assedbaig.com/ #OpRohingya @Asher_Wolf : Efa nifidy mpanao gazety roa tao Myanmar izahay vokatry ny fanangonam-bola.
42Hacktivist group Anonymous stepped into this role, using its might to propel the information foward, as Annie Machon, a former MI5 officer, explained in an op-ed for RT:Alaivo sary an-tsaina raha ny asa fanaovan-gazety *rehetra* no manao toy izany Arakaraka ny handikana sy hanapariahana azy, miha mahazo vahana sy endrika hafa manandanja ny vaovao.
43If you can do it over cyberspace, you get global awareness of what you're doing, and the message you're trying to put out.Ho amin'izany, dia tsy avadibadika sy amboarina fotsiny izy fa, tsy maintsy koa atosika. Eto dia miditra ireo hery tsy fantatra anarana izay miankina betsaka amin'ny tsy takatry ny saina ny asany voasoratra tao anatin'ny fanangonana.
44And this is precisely what Anonymous has achieved, with this publicized assault against certain Israeli websites.Andraikitra iray izay toa noraisin'ny Anonymous an-tsitrapo, araka ny fanazavan'i Annie Machon, manamboninahitra fahiny tao amin'ny MI5 [en] :
45Let's not call them attacks: they are distributed denial of service attempts against certain countries and certain websites.Raha afaka manao an'io any amin'ny habaky ny aterineto ianareo, dia hahazo fandresen-dahatra manerantany mikasika izay ataonareo ary manerana ny hafatra izay kasainareo ho ampitaina.
46So what we're seeing here is a sort of automated mass influx into certain websites that cause them to crash.Ary izay indrindra rha tsindriana manokana no ataon'ny Anonymous, miaraka amin'ity fanafihana aely be amin'ny media atao amin'ireo tranonkala israeliana sasantsasany ity. Aza antsointsika hoe fanafihana izy ireny: fanapariahana ireo fandàvana asa aminà firenena sasany sy tranonkala sasany ireny.
47While Anonymous relies on data released and shaped by citizen journalists to carry out their actions, their role is not to work the information as a blacksmith but to infuse the information with circulatory force using their extraordinary strength, like the mythological giant.Izany hoe karazana tosaka goavana mandeha ho azy mmamely ny tranonkala sasany ka mampidofotra azy ireo Raha toa ny Anonymous ka miantehitra amin'ireo angona noparitaka sy novolavolain'ireo olon-tsora mpanao gazety mba hitondrana ny asany, tsy ny hilaza vaovao no andraikitr'izy ireo fa mampiditra hery iray ifamezivezean'ny vaovao.
48Milaza marika ny tabilaony, ohatra, mikasika ireo hetsika vao haingana toa ny: #OpIsrael, #OpKashmir, #OpRohingya (izay misarika ny saina ho amin'ny vaovao azo raisina mikasika ny vono olona amin'io vondrom-piarahamonina io), #ReformCFAA (izay tafiditra ao anatin'ny sehatry ny fihetsiketsehana ho fanoherana ny Computer Fraud and Abuses Act - Hosoka sy Fanararaotra ataoain'ny Solosaina), na koa #OpGabon manohitra ny fanondranana olona.
49Twitter, for example, is rich with posts concerning their recent operations such as: #OpIsrael, #OpKashmir, #OpRohingya (which attracted public attention to available information concerning the genocide of this minority), #ReformCFAA (which is part of a protest movement against the Computer Fraud and Abuses Act), or #OpGabon against organ trafficking.Ny angano rehetra dia azo vakiana daholo ao anatin'ny asan'ny Anonymous: ny fampitàna fahamarinana iray ikendrena ny fandrodanana ireo sakantsakana. Tsy fankatoavana mitarika amin'ny famerenana mametraka lamina maha-olombelona ao anaty rafitra iray izay manao azy io ho tsinotsinona; tsy fankatoavana izay tsy handrafitra ny fandresen'ny maherifo fa misoratra ao anaty asa miaraka sy miainga avy any ifotony