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1 | 50 Years Later, Independence and the Resource Curse in Francophone Africa | 50 taona taty aoriana, fahaleovantena sy ozon'ny harena voajanaharin'ireo tany Afrikana mampiasa ny teny frantsay |
2 | Francophone Africa is celebrating 50 years of independence in 2010. | Mankalaza ny faha 50 taona nahazoana ny fahaleovantenany ny tany Afrikana mampiasa ny teny frantsay amin'ity taona 2010 ity. |
3 | In light of this anniversary, a summit Africa-France took place in Nice, France as the oft tumultuous relationship between France and its former colonies was again under the spotlight. | Ho fanamarihaa io fitsingerenana io dia nisy fihaonan'ny Afrika-Frantsa tany Nice, Frantsa noho ny fifandraisana marisarisa eo amin'ny Frantsa sy ireo zanataniny teo aloha lasa resabe eny anivon'ny serasera. |
4 | Many Africans voices are wondering out loud what is there to celebrate, given the mediocre level of human development achieved in many countries since independence. | Maro ny feon'ny vahoaka Afrikana no heno manontany tena sy mitabataba hoe: “Inona moa izany no ankalazaina?” Noho ny fahitana ny fivoaran'ny fari-piainan'ny olona izay latsaka ambany dia ambany tokoa any amin'ny firenena maro taorian'ny nahazoana ny fahaleovantena. |
5 | The recurrent lament of those many outraged voices is that the African continent is certainly rich in natural resources and yet, it seems that the continent is endlessly plagued with what is known as the resource curse and many believe that those foreign interests are no stranger to sustaining the curse. | Toy izao ny feo manakiana izay miverimberina: tsy azo iadian-kevitra fa ny kaontinanta Afrikana dia manan-karena eo amin'ny harena voajanahary nefa araka ny hita dia toa mbola taratra hatrany ny antsoina hoe: “faharipahan'ny harena” ary maro ireo mieritreritra fa tsy ireo tombontsoan'ny vahiny mihitsy no ho tara amin'izany fandripahana izany. |
6 | From an economic standpoint, Africa has certainly benefited from the boom in commodities in the last decade but not as much as one would predict. | Eo amin'ny sehatra ara-toe-karena, marina fa tao anatin'ny taompolo farany dia nahita rirany tamin'ny filana amin'ny vokatra fototra i Afrika nefa mbola tsy araka izay nandrasan'ny tsirairay izany. |
7 | A report for Mckinsey Quarterly entitled “What drives Africa's growth?”, the authors state that: | Tao anatin'ny tatitra ho an'i Mckinsey Quarterly izay mitondra ny lohateny hoe “Inona no mampandroso an'i Afrika?”, dia manambara ny mpanoratra fa: |
8 | Oil rose from less than $20 a barel in 1999 to more than $145 in 2008. prices for minerals, grain and other raw materials also soared on rising global demand. [..] | Latsaky ny $20 ny vidin'ny solika iray bariaka tamin'ny taona 1999 ary lasa nihoatra ny $145 izany tamin'ny taona 2008, niakatra ihany koa ny vidin'ny mineraly, vary sy ny akora fototra (akora mbola tsy voahodina) nony nihanitombo ny tinady ankapobeny. [..] |
9 | Yet natural resources generated only 32% of Africa's GDP growth from 2000 to 2008. | Na izany aza dia mbola 32% fotsiny ny tahan'ny harinkarea faoben'i Afrika [GDP - PIB ] eo amin'ny harena voajanahary tamin'ny taona 2000 ka hatramin'ny 2008. |
10 | So why has Africa not benefited more from its resources? | Fa nahoana àry moa i Afrika no tsy mahazo tombontsoa avy amin'ny harena voajanahariny? |
11 | Many Africans would argue that the way international interests are involved and mixed in the exploitation of those resources and the lack of transparency regarding those deals do not help foster development for African states. | Maro ireo vahoaka Afrikana no milaza fa tsy manampy eo amin'ny fandrosoan'ny firenena Afrikana ny fidiran'ny tombontsoa iraisam-pirenena sy ny fifaninanana eo amin'ny fitrandrahana ireo harena ireo ary ny tsy fahampian'ny mangarahara amin'ireo fandraharahana ireo. |
12 | In a dossier on FranceAfrique for Focus on Africa , Stephen Smith highlights the special ties between France and the continent: | Ao anatin'ny antontan-taratasy mikasika ny FranceAfrique izay miompana kokoa amin'i Afrika, dia naneho ny rohy manokana misy eo amin'i Frantsa sy ny kaontinanta i Stephen Smith: |
13 | But since he took office, President Sarkozy has perpetuated France's time-honoured tradition of parallel diplomacy in Africa. | Fa nony nanomboka nandray ny toerany ny Filoha Sarkozy dia nanohy hatrany ny fomba fanaon'i Frantsa nandritry ny vanimpotoana maro izy dia ny fahaiza-mifampirahara anjorony amin'i Afrika. |
14 | One set of advisers presides in public over the official business with Africa, while high-ranking Elysee staff, in tandem with unofficial middlemen, is in charge of the lucrative and highly personalised politics that Mr Sarkozy denounced during his presidential campaign. | Fivondronana mpanolotsaina maromaro no mitarika fivoriana eo imasom-bahoaka momba ny raharaha ofisialy miaraka amin'i Afrika, raha olona mitàna toerana ambony ao amin'ny Elysée, omban'ireo mpanelanelana tsy ofisialy no miandraikitra ny politikan'ny ara-resa-bola izay voarafitra manokana araka izay eritreriny, isan'ny nokianin'ingahy Sarkozy nandritry ny fampielezan-keviny ho amin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena. |
15 | The French media regularly expose the broken promises and the new lease on life given to Francafrique. | Matetika ny media frantsay no mampibaribary ny tsy fanajàna ireo fanomezan-toky sy ny fifanarahana vaovao nomena ny Francafrique. |
16 | The elite collusion of Francafrique has become an anachronism, at odds with the stark realities of shrinking French engagement - both government and private - with its former territories south of the Sahara. | Lasa tsy mahataitra ny fahitàna fifandirana eo amin'ireo sangany ao amin'ny Francafrique, mifanohitra amin'ny fisitahana miandalan'ny Frantsa - miankina na tsy miankina amin'ny fanjakana- amin'ireo zarataniny teo aloha any atsimon'i Sahara. |
17 | The oil curse is the most cited issues in the francophone regions but certainly not the only one. | Ny solika no tena voatanisa ho olana goavana any amin'ny faritra miteny frantsay kanefa kosa tsy ho izy irery ihany. |
18 | In a recent report for the Africa report, Norbrook wonders who really owns Africa's oil: | Tao anatin'ny tatitra farany ho an'i Afrika report, nanontany tena i Norbrook hoe Fa dia Iza marina àry no tena tompon'ny solik'i Afrika: |
19 | This brave new world for African oil has been driven by price hikes, which make the expensive process of exploring a risk worth taking. | Ity tontolo vaovao mahafinaritrin'ny solik'i Afrika ity dia nentin'ny fiakaram-bidy, izay mahatonga ny tetikasam-pitrandrahana ho fahasahiana tokony horaisina na dia lafovidy aza. |
20 | The move offshore, enabled by advances in technology, requires deep pockets - hiring the drill boat that discovered oil in Ghana cost about a million dollars a day. | Ny fikisahana mankany amin'ny offshore [ambony ranomasina], izay azo atao vokatry ny fandrosoan'ny teknolojia, dia mila teti-bola ngezangeza - ny fanofàna ilay sambo izay nahita ny solika tany Ghana dia teo amin'ny iray tapitrisa dolara eo ho eo ny iray andro. |
21 | Another important dynamic has been the multiplication of competition, with Chinese and Indian companies joining the European and US array of majors. | Anisan'ny toe-javatra goavana iray koa ny fitomboan'ny fifaninanana, eo amin'ny orinasa Sinoa sy ny Karana izay niditra ao amin'ny fikambanana misy sangany Eropeana sy Amerikana. |
22 | Where oil production was traditionally controlled by a small elite whose monopoly was seen as unhealthy, new challengers have made it easier for governments to negotiate terms. | Tany amin'ireo toerana nisy fitrandrahana solika teo ambanin'ny fahefan'olom-bitsy izay nolazaina fa nanao ampihimamba tsy manara-penitra tsy ara-pahasalamana, nanamora kokoa ny votoatin'ny fifampiraharahana nataon'ny governemanta ireo mpifaninana vaovao. |
23 | Africa Oil Map from Theafricareport.com | Saritany maneho ny solik'i Afrika avy ao amin'ny Theafricareport.com |
24 | Blogger Achille in Antananarivo, Madagascar has been following the political crisis in Madagascar closely, here is how he links the turmoil there and the oil curse (fr): | I Achille mpitoraka blaogy ao Antananarivo, Madagasikara, toy izao ny fomba ampifandraisany ny korontana hita tany sy ny olan'ny solika (fr): |
25 | We have all been seeking the cause of this crisis, yet we often forget that oil is what triggered all of the turmoil. | Nikaroka hatrany ny antom-pisian'ity krizy ity isika, kanefa matetika dia adinontsika fa ny solika no tena nitarika ny korontana. |
26 | All the other events, pillaging the national forest, high crimes, the ever-increasing poverty are only the byproducts of that. | Ireo sehon-javatra sasany toy ny fandravana ny ala, ny famonoan'olona mahatsiravina, ny fitomboan'ny fahantrana dia vokatra ateraky ny solika fotsiny. |
27 | Lobbyists for Francafrique only started to make their move when they heard that there was oil to be exploited, not discarding the fact that other resources were also attractive to them and other nations. | Nanomboka nihetsika i Francafrique nony heno fa nahitam-bokany ny karoka mikasika ny solika, raha tsy hireska ireo otrik'harena hafa misarika ireo firenen-kafa. |
28 | In fact, I just realize that we are surrounded by corporations, Canadians in the South, Chinese in Soalala and of course Total, every developing country and wannabe dictators' best friend. | Izao aho vao tonga saina fa voahodidina Voaibe iraisampirenena isika, ny Kanadiana any atsimo, Sinoa any Soalala ary indrindra indrindra fa ny Total, sakaiza mahatokin'ireo tany andalam-pandrosoana sy ireo mpanao didy jadona!. |
29 | In the meantime, we are just standing here, watching our resources being shipped to far away places ! | Isika moa dia mitazana fotsiny toy ny gaigy ireo lamasinina mitatitra ny harentsika ho any am-paravodilanitra! |
30 | When I saw that 100 millions were granted for an oil concession, I said to myself that stupidity has finally reached its peak with our leaders. | Raha nahita aho fa 100 tapitrisa no sandam-pintrandrahana solika, dia niteny irery aho hoe efa tena tafakatra any amin'ny faratampony ny hadalan'ny mpitondra antsika. |
31 | Back in the 70's, oil was seen as a passport towards rapid development. | Tany amin'ny taona 70 tany ho any, dia noraisina toy ny paosipaoro mankany amin'ny fandrosoana haingana dia haingana ny solika. |
32 | That was the case for Algeria, Libya and Irak says Passion-histoire. He explains how quickly that hope has now faded away (fr): | Toy izany no tranga tany Alzeria, Libia, ary Irak araka ny filazan'i Passion-histoire azy: Manazava vetivety izy hoe Mihamatroka ankehitriny ny fanantenana (fr): |
33 | In the 1970, thanks to petrol rent, Algeria, Libya and Irak looked like they were engaged in a rapid modernization process. | Tany amin'ny taona 1970, nohon' ny vola niditra tamin'ny solika, dia toa nihazakazaka ho any amin'ny fandrosoana i Alzeria, Libia ary Irak. |
34 | Petrol was the blessing that would allow this states to catch up from an economic standpoint. | Fitahiana ho an'ireny firenena ireny hahafahany manatratra ny “fahatarany” ara-toekarena ny solika. |
35 | Algeria was to the “Mediterranean Dragon”, Libya was the “Emirate”, and Irak was “ the rising military power” of the arab world. | I Alzeria dia “Dragona mediteraneana”, i Libye dia “Fitondram-panjaka” ary Irak dia “ Hery ara-tafika vao mipongatra” any amin'ny tany Arabo. |
36 | From a political standpoint, progressive socialism would let many believe that many deep transformational change were in the works, women empowerment, urbanization, schooling, rising life expectancy… A few decades later, the disillusion cuts deep. | Eo amin'ny sehatra politika, ny “socialisme progressiste ” dia nahatonga ny maro hihevitra fa hisy fiovana lalim-pàka hitranga: ny fanomezan-toerana ny vehivavy, ny foto-drafitrasa an-drenivohitra, ny fanabeazana, ny fiakaran'ny fahelàna velona… Ampolotaona maro taty aoriana, nikapoka mafy ny fahadisoam-panantenana. |
37 | The feeling is that those riches led those countries to try out experiments that led to political economical and military dead ends that had disastrous consequences from which they have a devil of a time trying to escape. | Nyhetahetan'ny fananan-karena no nitarika ireny firenena ireny tanaty fanaovana andrakandrana, eny fa hatramin'ny tsy fahitana lalan-kombana ara-politika, ara-toekarena ary ara-tafika izay nitondra voka-dratsy tsy hita noanoa ka mila tsy hahitan'izy ireo lalan-kivoahana. |
38 | Reacting on the celebration of 50 years of independence, Faustine Vincent writes that African nations are reluctant to submit their report card (fr): | Naneho hevitra momba ny fankalazana ny faha 50 taona nahazoana fahaleovantena, nanoratra i Faustine Vincent fa ny firenena Afrikana dia malaina ny hamoaka ny tatitr'izy ireo an-tsarintany (fr): |
39 | In the end, this 50 year anniversary celebration is quite embarrassing for everyone. | Kanefa, tamin'ny farany, ity 50 taonan'ny fitsingerenan'ny taona ity dia nahasadaikatra ny olona tsirairay. |
40 | From the African side, “this was an opportunity to draw conclusions from their journeys so far. | Teo amin'ny vahoaka Afrikana, “ ity dia fotoana fanararaotra mba hanaovana tomban'ezaka ny amin'ny lalana nodiavina. |
41 | However, that is far from the being the case says Boubacar Boris Diop, a Sengalese writer. | Tsy izay anefa no zava-misy, hoy Boubacar Boris Diop, mpanoratra iray teratany senegaly. |
42 | They certainly don't have anything to be proud of”. | Azo antoka fa tsy manana zavatra azony ireharehana ry zareo ”. |
43 | On the French side, the Sarkozy administration used to express a willingness to do away with the practices of former French administrations. | Ho an'ny ankolafy Frantsay, ny fitantanan'i Sarkozy dia manambara hatrany ny finiavana tsy hampiasa ny fanaon'ny mpitondra mpitantana Frantsay teo aloha. |
44 | As reported by Sarah Halifa-Legrand, this was expressed in rather crude terms by Alain Joyandet, Secretary of State for French Cooperation (fr): | Araka ny tatitra nataon'i Sarah Halifa-Legrand, izany dia nolazaina tamin'ny fiteny hentitra nataon'i Alain Joyandet, Mpitantsora-panjakana ao amin'ny Fiaraha-miasa Frantsay (fr): |
45 | [France] is ready to “give up on Africa if the country does not find it worthwhile”. | [Frantsa] dia vonona ny “handao an'i Afrika raha toa ka hitany fa tsy mitondra soa ho azy any”. |
46 | From the mouth of Alain Joyandet: “ Not to be afraid to tell Africans that we want to help them but there has got to be something in it for us as well” | Izao no nivoaka ny vavan'i Alain Joyandet: “ Tsy tokony hatahotra ny hilaza amin'ny vahoaka Afrikana hoe te hanampy azy ireo izahay, fa tokony mba ahitanay tombontsoa ho anay koa izany” |
47 | In Gabon, Association Survie notes that despite last year's turmoil in Gabon, the company Total has done quite well for itself in 2010: | Any Gabon, ny Association Survie dia nanambara fa na teo aza ny korontana tamin'ny taona lasa dia tsara ny vokatra ho an'ny orinasa Total tamin'ity taona 2010 ity: |
48 | Total has reported a net benefit of 42 millions euros in the first trimester of 2010, that is an increase of 109% from the same period in 2009. | Nanao tatitra mikasika ny vola azony i Total: 42 tapitrisa euros tamin'ny telovolana voalohany tamin'ny taona 2010, nahitana fiakarana 109% izany raha oharina tamin'io fotoana io ihany tamin'ny taona 2009. |
49 | Finally, Arimi Choubadé at Quotidien Nokoue in Benin posts a sarcastic note asking us to imagine how better-off France would have been if only France could have “maintained” her privileged ties with countries that have major natural assets (fr): | Farany, namoaka lahatsoratra fohy i Arimi Choubadé tao anatin'ny Quotidien Nokoue tany Benin: lahatsoratra mifangaro sangisangy mangataka antsika hanao sary an-tsaina ny fandrosoan'i Frantsa raha nahay mba “nitàna” ny rohy efa nananany tamin'ireo firenena manana harena voajanahary i Frantsa (fr) : |
50 | | Imaginez une France partenaire privilégié d'une Côte d'Ivoire forte de son cacao ; d'un Gabon, d'un Congo, d'un Tchad, d'un Cameroun voire d'une Mauritanie dopés par l'exploitation du pétrole ; d'un Mali, d'un Bénin et d'un Burkina Faso en pôle dans la production de coton ; d'un Togo transfiguré par les ristournes du phosphate; et d'un Niger comblé par l'exploitation de l'Uranium. |
51 | Imagine France with a privileged partnership with Ivory Coast and its abundance of cocoa; with Gabon, Congo, Chad, Cameroon even Mauritania boosted with oil; with Mali, Benin and Burkina Faso and their cotton, with Togo transformed by its phosphate and with Niger, and its uranium reserve. | Cela éviterait à Sarkozy sa posture actuelle de puissance mitigée. Alaivo sary an-tsaina i Frantsa manana fiaraha-miasa manokana amin'i Côte d'Ivoire izay manana cacao maro dia maro; i Gabon, i Congo, i Chad, i Cameroun, eny na i Maoritania izay matanjaka eo amin'ny fananana solika; miaraka amin' i Mali, Benin ary Burkina Faso amin'ny landihazony, miaraka amin'i Togo izay nivoatra nohon'ny phosphate-ny ary i Niger sy ny tahiriny amin'ny uranium. |
52 | It could have helped Sarkozy from having to deal with its position as just a middle-of-the-pack powerhouse. | Mety ho afaka nanampy an'i Sarkozy izany ho fihazonana ny toerany izay tsy ary ambony tsy ary ambany. |