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1 | Persistent Stereotypes, Latent Prejudices: Black Characters in Brazilian Comics | Fomba Fijery Diso Mbola Miraikitra, Fitsarana An-tendrony Misoko Mangina: Endrik'Olona Mainty Ao Amin'ny Boky Tantara An-tsary Breziliana |
2 | Page from the comic strip “Encruzilhada” [“Crossroads”]. | Pejy tao amin'ny tantara mitohy an-tsary “Encruzilhada” [“Fihaonan-dalana]. |
3 | Artist: Marcelo D'Salete. | Mpanakanto: Marcelo D'Salete. |
4 | Image used with permission. | Nahazoa-dalana ny sary. |
5 | Description of the page: A black character is detained for interrogation by a supermarket's security guards who think he is a car thief. | Famariparitana ny pejy: Notànan'ireo mpiambina magazay mba hatao fanadihadiana ilay olona manana endrika mainty satria noheverin'izy ireo fa mpangalatra fiara. |
6 | This is a true story and the Ford referred to in the text actually belonged to the character being unfairly detained. | Tantara marina izany ary ilay olona notànana tsy ara-drariny mihitsy no tompon'ilay fiara Ford resahana ao amin'ny lahatsoratra. |
7 | Text from speech bubbles: (1) What were you doing there? | Lahatsoratra amin'ny tantara an-tsary: (1) Inona no ataonao eo? |
8 | Were you behind that Ford? | Ianao ve no ao ambadik'ity fiara Ford ity? |
9 | (2) You must have at least three previous offences. | (2) Farafahakeliny telo ny fandikan-dalàna teo aloha nataonao. |
10 | (3) Do you think I was going to steal the car? | (3) Mihevitra ve ianao fa handeha hangalatra fiara aho? |
11 | (4) Are you crazy? | (4) Adala ve ianao? |
12 | Let go of me! | Avelao aho! |
13 | I need to go back! | Mila mody aho! |
14 | “The representation is not yet ideal”, the researcher stated in an interview [pt] for USP's news channel. | «Mbola tsy tonga lafatra ny fanehoana”, hoy ity mpikaroka ity nandritra ny tafatafa [pt] tao amin'ny fantsom-baovaon'ny USP. |
15 | His doctoral thesis [pt], entitled “The role of the black man and the black man on paper: representation and representativity of African descendants in Brazilian comics”, examined not only the presence of black characters but also their visual representation in comics, making way for an analysis of stereotypes and prejudices. | Nanadihady tsy ny fisian'ny endrik'olona mainty ihany fa ny fanehoana hita maso azy ireo amin'ny tantara an-tsary ihany koa ny lohahevitra nosafidiany amin'ny fanohanan-kevitra hahazoana ny mari-pahaizana dokotorà [pt], mitondra ny lohateny hoe «Ny anjara toeran'ny olona mainty hoditra sy ny olona mainty hoditra amin'ny gazety”, izay manokatra fanadihadiana momba ny fahadisoam-pomba fijery sy ny fitsarana an-tendrony. “ |
16 | In this interview for Global Voices in Portuguese, Professor Nobu, as he signs his emails, talks a little about his research, the question of regional diversity in Brazil and in Brazilian comic books, and the relationship between virtual representations and social aspirations. | Amin'ity resadresaka nataon'ny Global Voices amin'ny teny portiogey ity, niresaka fohy momba ny fikarohana nataony, ny fahasamihafana isam-paritra ao Brezila sy ny boky tantara an-tsary ary ny fifandraisana eo amin'ny fanehoana an-tsary virtoaly sy ny hetaheta ara-tsosialy ny profesora Nobu, araka ny soniany tao amin'ny mailaka. |
17 | Global Voices (GV): Have you observed a greater coordination among black authors capable of influencing the black presence in the world of comics? | Global Voices (GV): Nahita fandrindrana lehibe eo amin'ireo mpanoratra mainty mahavita mahataona ny fisian'ny olona mainty eo amin'ny tontolon'ny tantara an-tsary ve ianao? |
18 | Should we really expect that more black authors will change the current (im)balance in representation? | Tokony hanantena ve isika fa ho maro ireo mpanoratra mainty hanova ny fifandajana ankehitriny amin'ny fanehoana an-tsary? |
19 | Curiously, throughout the course of my research I had difficulty finding or identifying black comic authors. | Mahavariana fa nandritra ny fotoana nanaovako fikarohana, sarotra tamiko ny nahita sy namantatra ireo mpanoratra tantara an-tsary manana endrika mainty. |
20 | Some less famous characters, from authors who are also little known, I didn't manage to get hold of much information. | Ny sasany tsy dia fantatra loatra, misy ireo mpanoratra izay tsy dia malaza firy ihany koa, tsy nahavita naka fanampim-baovao betsaka aho. |
21 | It may even be that some of the artists which I cited are black or mixed-race, using the terminology of the IBGE [Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics], but I didn't find any data regarding this. | Mety ho mainty na safiotra ihany koa ireo mpanoratra sasany notanisaiko, tsy nahita tahiry momba izany aho tamin'ny fampiasana fiteny manokana IBGE [ Ivo-toerana Breziliana momba ny Jeografia sy ny Antontan'isa] . |
22 | Of those who I know are black and who are engaged in valuing Afro-Brazilian characters or condemning racism, I would highlight the work of Mauricio Pestana [pt] and Marcelo D'Salete [pt]. | Tamin'ireo endrika fantatro fa mainty sy mikatroka amin'ny fanomezan-danja ny endrik'olona afro-breziliana na manameloka ny fanavakavaham-bolokoditra, asongadiko amin'izany ny sangan'asan'i Mauricio Pestana [pt] sy Marcelo D'Salete [pt]. |
23 | Both have very interesting work, I don't know whether to the extent of exerting the influence which you mention, but which has had positive repercussions. | Mahafinaritra avokoa ny sangan'asan'izy roa lahy, tsy fantatro izay fepetra mahataona lazainao, fa nisy fiantraikany tsara ny azy ireo. |
24 | Obviously, the fact that an author is black and identifies with sensitive topics such as the issue of quotas, prejudice and inequality means that he portrays these topics more authoritatively when tackling them in his comics, although this doesn't mean that somebody who is not an African descendant would not be capable of doing the same with talent, sensitivity and respect. | Ny maha-mainty ny mpanoratra sy ny famantarana azy amin'ny lohahevitra mety hahatafintohina tahaka ny resaka “quota”, ny fitsarana an-tendrony ary ny tsy fitoviana dia midika fa mora aminy kokoa ny mametraka ny heviny rehefa manoritsoritra ireny lohahevitra ireny ao amin'ny tantara an-tsary, na dia tsy midika aza izany fa izay olona tsy taranaka Afrikanina dia tsy afaka manao tahaka izany amin'ny alalan'ny talenta, fitandremana ary fanajana. |
25 | GV: Has the increase in participation from other corners of the country, including authors from different regions and with different visions of the world, contributed to increasing the diversity [broadly-speaking] of national comics? | GV: Nampisy fitomboana teo amin'ny fahamaroan'ny tantara an-tsary eto amin'ny firenena [amin'ny ankapobeny] ve ny fandraisana anjara avy amin'ny faritra, izay manana fijery hafa momba an'izao tontolo izao? |
26 | I think that, in truth, we are losing that geographical diversity. | Mino aho fa, raha ny marina, dia nanary izany fahasamihafana ara-jeografika izany isika. |
27 | Topics are becoming more universal and more focused upon the urban reality. | Miha-mivelatra maneratany ireo lohahevitra ary miha-mifantoka kokoa amin'ny zavamisy an-tanàndehibe. |
28 | The regionality which used to exist, for example, in horror comics, a genre which was quite common until the 1990s, has gradually been diluted. | Nihalevona hatrany ny fijery isam-paritra, izay nisy teo amin'ny tantara an-tsary mampihoron-koditra ohatra, nefa nahazatra hatramin'ny tamin'ny taompolo 1990. |
29 | References to superstitions or supernatural beings which enriched local folklore have made way for another type of narrative. | Nanome toerana ho an'ny karazana tantara hafa ny firesahana finoanoam-poana na zavatra avy any ivelan'ny tany izay ampian'ny fomban-tany ao an-toerana. |
30 | What is taking place at the moment is a greater thematic diversity. | Lohahevitra hafa lehibebe kokoa no maka toerana ankehitriny. |
31 | In the past there were terror comics, adventure comics, science fiction comics, amongst others. | Taloha, nisy ny tantara an-tsary mampihorohoro, tantara an-tsary mianjoria (aventure), mampihomehy, foronina mitodika amin'ny hoavy (science-fiction), sy ny sisa maro hafa. |
32 | Today, we can add to this list female and feminist comics, gay comics, autobiographical comics, etc. They bring to the table a particular vision of the world, not the values of a region but rather of a section of society. | Amin'izao fotoana, azontsika ampiana amin'izany lisitra izany ny tantara an-tsary manandratra ny vehivavy, ny pelaka, ary ny tantara an-tsary mitantara ny mpanoratra (autobiographique), sns. Mitondra fijery manokana izao tontolo izao izany, fa tsy ny faritra, fa avy amin'ny ampahan'ny fiarahamonina kokoa. |
33 | GV: We are living in a time of identity affirmation. | GV: Miaina amin'ny vanim-potoana fijoroana amin'ny mahaizy ny tena isika. |
34 | Is there a visible change online? | Misy ve ny fiovana hita maso ve ao amin'ny aterineto? |
35 | And if so, could this change extend beyond the virtual world and take hold in the streets as well? | Raha eny, mety hihitatra ao amin'ny tontolo virtoaly ve izany fiovana izany ary hipaka hatreny an-dalambe ihany koa? |
36 | I'm not a specialist in online communication and I consider myself no more than a moderate user of social networks, [but] the impression which I have is precisely the opposite of your question: the virtual barely reflects what the real world hankers for. | Tsy manam-pahaizana momba ny fifandraisana an-tserasera aho ary tsy dia mihevitra ny tenako ho mihoatra noho ireo mpiserasera amin'ny tambajotra sosialy antonontonony, [saingy] ny fahatsapana hitako dia ny mifanohitra amin'ny fanontanianao: tsy mitaratra afa-tsy ny hetahetan'ny tontolo andavanandro ny tontolo virtoaly. |
37 | The affirmation of identities was one of the reasons prompting a significant change in the way black people are represented in comics. | Antony iray nahatonga ny fiovana lehibe eo amin'ny fomba fanehoana ny mainty amin'ny tantara an-tsary ny fijoroana amin'ny mahaizy ny tena. |
38 | African descendants and society as a whole no longer tolerated the old stereotype which ended up being substituted by a less prejudiced manner of representation. | Tsy milefitra intsony amin'ny fijery diso taloha izay voasolon'ny fomba fijery tsy dia miangatra loatra ireo ireo taranaka afrikanina sy ny fiarahamonina amin'ny ankapobeny. |
39 | It is clear that the media (digital or otherwise) help to promote this more contemporary model, in a process which feeds off itself, but if the public wasn't receptive or predisposed to change, the virtual world would not be able to alter the real world. | Mazava fa manampy amin'ny fampiroboroboana izany maodely ankehitriny izany ireo fampahalalam-baobao (nomerika sy ny hafa), ao anatin'izany famahanan-tena izany, saingy raha tsy mandray na tsy vonona hiova ny olona, dia tsy hahavita hanova ny tontolo tena izy ny tontolo virtoaly. |
40 | Page from the comic “Encruzilhada” [“Crossroads”]. | Pejy tao amin'ny tantara an-tsary “Encruzilhada” [“Fihaonan-dalana”]. |
41 | Artist: Marcelo D'Salete. | Mpanakanto: Marcelo D'Salete. |
42 | Image used with permission. | Nahazoan-dalana ny sary. |
43 | Description of the page: A black character is detained by a supermarket's security guards who think he is a car thief. | Fanazavana ny pejy: Notànan'ireo mpiambina magazay mba hatao fanadihadiana ilay olona manana endrika mainty satria noheverin'izy ireo fa mpangalatra fiara. |
44 | This is a true story and the Ford referred to in the text actually belonged to the character being unfairly detained. | Tantara marina izany ary ilay olona notànana tsy ara-drariny mihitsy no tompon'ilay fiara Ford resahana ao amin'ny lahatsoratra. |
45 | Text from speech bubbles: (1) The guy doesn't want to talk, but Noca is sure he took the car last month. | Lahatsoratra amin'ny kisari-tantara: (1) Tsy te-hiresaka ilay lehilahy, saingy mino i Noca fa naka ny fiara izy tamin'ny volana lasa. |
46 | (2) Idiot! | (2) Adala! |
47 | You arrested the wrong guy. | Nisambotra lehilahy tsy izy ianao. |
48 | Take him away. | Roahy izy. |
49 | The increase in topics extends the range of possibilities for both authors and readers. | Manalalaka ny fahafaha-manao na ho an'ny mpanoratra na ho an'ny mpamaky ny fitomboan'ny lohahevitra. |
50 | The way I see it, more titles by national authors have been published in the last few years than ever before and part of this phenomenon owes to this variety of worldviews. | Ny fomba fahitako azy, maro kokoa noho ny hatramin'izay ny navoaka tao anatin'izay taona vitsy farany izay ireo gazety tantara an-tsary teto amin'ny firenena ary nahatonga izany ny fahamaroan'ny karazam-pijery manerantany. |
51 | I would emphasise, however, that the majority of these works are released for sale in bookshops, in better-produced and more expensive versions than the comic strips from the newsstand, which makes such publications practically inaccessible to the wider public. | Tiako ny manasongadina, na dia izany aza, fa amidy eny amin'ny toeram-pivarotana boky ny ankamaroan'ireo sanganasa ireo, izay vokatra tsara sy lafolafo kokoa fa tsy tahaka ireo tantara an-tsary eny amin'ny mpivarotra gazety miantsoantso, izay mahatonga ireo boky ireo ho tsy takatry ny vahoaka ny vidiny. |
52 | In the specific case of my work, there is an additional factor which is that Law 10.639/3 made the teaching of Afro-Brazilian culture compulsory in secondary schools. | Amin'ny tranga manokana amin'ny asako, misy ny singa fanampiny dia ny lalàna 10.639/3 izay manao ny fampianarana kolontsaina afro-breziliana ho tsy maintsy atao eny amin'ny sekoly ambaratonga faharoa. |
53 | There is, therefore, an institutional incentive for authors who are interested in this topic, since comics are an excellent means of teaching support. | Misy araka izany ny vola fanampiana avy amin'ny andrim-panjakana iray ho an'ny mpanoratra izay liana amin'izany lohahevitra izany, satria fitaovana tsara hampianarana ny boky tantara an-tsary. |
54 | Some of the works which I analysed, such as the excellent AfroHQ [AfroComic] by Amaro Braga, Danielle Jaimes and Roberta Cirne, were published with the explicit aim of fulfilling the demands of the Law 10.639/3. The cases which I have cited point to some ways forward, but to state that they will affect the future of Brazilian comics in some way would be hasty or over-optimistic. | Misy noho izany sanganasa sasantsasany izay nanaovako fanadihadiana, tahaka ilay AfroHQ [ Tantara an-tsary Afro ] mahafinaritra notontosain'i Amaro Braga, Danielle Jaimes ary Roberta Cirne, izay navoaka hifanaraka manokana amin'ny takian'ny lalàna 10.639/3. Ahitana fandrosoana amin'ny lafiny sasany ireo tranga notanisaiko, saingy filazana maikamaika sy be fanantenana loatra kosa raha hilaza fa hisy fiantraikany amin'ny hoavin'ny tantara an-tsary breziliana izany. |