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1An Aggressive Turn in Chinese Censorship Practices: ‘The Great Cannon’Nanjary Niova Ho Mahery Vaika Sy Masiaka Ny Fomba Sinoa Enti-manao Sivana : ‘Ny Great Cannon’
2Simplified logical topology of the Great Cannon and Great Firewall.Sary araka ny lojika notsotsorina, mampiseho ny Great Cannon sy Great Firewall.
3Screen Capture from Citizen Lab.Sary nalaina avy amin'ny Citizen Lab.
4Citizen Lab, an advanced, human rights-based research center on Information and Communication Technology at the University of Toronto, has identified that the infrastructure of the man-in-the-middle DDoS attack on the Chinese open source platform hub GitHub is co-located with the Great Firewall.Citizen Lab, izay foibem-pikarohana tena raitra momba ny zon'olombelona, misahana ny mikasika ny sehatry ny Teknolojian'ny Filazam-baovao sy ny Serasera ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Toronto, dia nahamarika fa ny foto-drafitrasan'ireo fanafihana DDoS “rangahy-eo-afovoany” atao amin'ny sehatra “hub” Shinoa malalaka, GitHub, dia miray toerana amin'ny Great Firewall.
5Citizen Lab terms this new technological innovation as “the Great Cannon”.Citizen Lab dia niantso io zava-baovao ara-teknolojika io hoe ”Great Cannon”.
6The finding implies that Chinese censorship practices have made an aggressive turn.Midika izany fahatsapana izany fa nanjary niova endrika mahery vaika sy masiaka ny fomba Shinoa fanaovana sivana.
7Rather than blocking content from overseas, the Great Cannon can “manipulate the traffic of ‘bystander' systems outside China, silently programming their browsers to create a massive DDoS attack”.Tsy hoe nanakana ny votoaty avy any ampitan-dranomasina hiditra akory ny Great Cannon, izay afaka manao izany, fa aleony “mikirakira sy manao fitaovana ny fifamoivoizan'ireo rafitra ‘sendra-mba-teo' ivelan'i Shina, ary manomana mangingina ireo fitety ao aminy hanao fanafihana DDoS goavana”.
8Citizen Lab stresses that the Great Cannon is similar to NSA's QUANTUM system, capable of “targeting any foreign computer that communicates with any China-based website not fully utilizing HTTPS.”Nanamafy ny Citizen Lab fa mitovy tsy misy valaka amin'ny rafitra QUANTUM an'ny NSA ny Great Cannon, izay mahavita “mikendry ireo solosaina any ivelany rehetra ka mifandray amin'ireo Tranonkala miorina any Shina ary tsy mampiasa tanteraka ny HTTPS”.
9Why did the GitHub attack take place?Naninona no nitranga ny fanafihana ny GitHub ?
10GitHub has been a target of Chinese Internet censorship authorities since 2013.Lasibatry ny sivann'ny manampahefana Shinoa ny GitHub nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2013.
11As an open source hosting platform, GitHub has hosted online dissent tools and contents that the Chinese authorities want to block.Noho ny maha sehatra fampiantranoana misokatra azy, dia nampiantrano fitaovana sy votoaty mpanohitra an-tserasera, izay tadiavin'ny manampahefana Shinoa ho sakanana ny GitHub.
12In fact, the platform was blocked completely for a moment in January 2013 because of its HTTPS-only setting, which makes it impossible for the Great Firewall to block individual pages, such as that of the Mongol project, an open-source tool hosted in GitHub that tracks the location of the Great Firewall.Raha ny marina anefa dia nikatso tanteraka nandritry ny fotoana fohy ilay sehatra ny volana janoary 2013 noho ny fanamboarana ny “HTTPS”-ny azy ihany, izay mahatonga ny Great Firewall tsy ho afa-nanakana ireo pejy manokan'ny tsirairay, toa ny an'ny tetikasa Mongol, fitaovana loharano misokatra nampiantranoin'i GitHub izay mitsakaraka ny toerana misy ny Great Firewall.
13The 2013 blocking did not last long as it affected open source infrastructures which are essential for other developers.Tsy naharitra ela ny fikatsoana tamin'ny taona 2013 satria nisy fiantraikany teo amin'ireo fotodrafitrasan'ny loharano misokatra izany, izay tena zava-dehibe ho an'ireo mpandraharaha hafa.
14The strategies to bypass the Chinese Great Firewall hosted on GitHub are termed “collateral freedom” by researchers from the Open Internet Tool Project and a number of sites that have adopted the strategy to create mirror sites and made their content available to mainland Chinese readers.Ireo tetika nentina nialàna ny Great Firewall Shinoa izay nampiantranoan'i GitHub dia nantsoin'ireo mpikaroka avy ao amin'ny Tetikasa momba ny Fitaovana Malalaky ny Aterineto sy ireo tranonkala maro izay nanaraka ny tetika amin'ny famoronana tranonkala fitaratra ary koa nanome ny votoatin'izy ireo ho an'ny mpamaky ao amin'ny kaontinanta Sinoa, hoe “fahafahana mirazotra”.
15The Chinese Great Cannon redirected massive traffic to https://github.com/greatfire, the homepage of the Great Fire, a project devoted to circumvent Great Firewall censorship by hosting mirror sites of forbidden contents including New York Times, China Digital Times, Boxun, Free Weibo Project and others.Navilin'ny Great Cannon shinoa ny fifamoivoizana goavana ho any amin'ny https://github.com/greatfire, ny pejy fandraisan'ny Great Fire, tetikasa iray natokana hialàna ny sivana ataon'ny Great Firewall amin'ny fampiantranoana ny tranonkala fitaratr'ireo votoaty voarara, anisan'izany ny New York Times, China Digital Times, Boxun, Free Weibo Project sy ny maro hafa koa.
16The attack is believed to have been made to pressure GitHub into removing those pages.Inoana marimarina fa ny antony nanaovana ilay fanafihana dia mba hanerena ny GitHub hanala ireo pejy ireo.
17Later a number of technical reports explained that the attack came from a man-in-the-middle device which intercepted web requests from other parts of the world to the analytics of China's largest search engine, Baidu.Taty aoriana, maromaro ny tatitra ara-teknika nanazava fa avy amina fitaovana iray karazan'ny “sendra-mba-teo” ilay fanafihana izay mipaingotra ireo fangatahana tranonkala avy amin'ny toeran-kafa maneran-tany mba halefa ho hadihadiana any amin'ny Baidu, milim-pikarohana lehibe indrindra ao Shina.
18When the requests entered China, the device inserted a JavaScript to the user's computer browser to attack GitHub.Rehefa tafiditra ao Shina ary ireo fangatahana dia asisik'ilay fitaovana ao amin'ny fitetin'ny solosain'ireo mpampiasa azy ny “java script” iray mba hanafika ny GitHub.
19As the attack, the most serious one in GitHub's history, came from massive sources, it was impossible for the company to block the malicious requests.Sarotra ho an'ny orinasa ny nanakana ireo fangatahana mpisompatra satria avy aminà loharanom-baovao maro sy goavana ny fanafihana, izay lehibe indrindra teo amin'ny tantaran'i GitHub.
20Baidu, which is listed on the US stock market, denied its involvement in the attack, leaving people to wonder what the role of Chinese censorship authorities in this attack was.Baidu, izay voasoratra ao anatin'ny lisitry ny tsenm-pifanakalozana ao Etazonia, dia nandà ny fandraisany anjara tamin'ilay fanafihana, ka mamela ny olona hanontany tena momba izay mety ho andraikitry ny sivana shinoa tamin'iny fanafihana iny.
21The Great Cannon: State-level cyberattackNy Great Cannon : Fanafihana an-tserasera eo amin'ny ambaratogam-panjakana
22The Netizen Lab compared technical details of the Great Firewall and the Great Cannon and concluded that the Great Cannon is operated by the Chinese government.Nampitahain'ny Netizen Lab ny antsipirihany ara-teknika an'ny Great Firewall sy ny Great Cannon, ka ny hevitra nosintoniny tamin'izany dia ny hoe, ny Governemanta Shinoa no mitantana ny Great Cannon.
23Over the course of testing, the Lab found out that:Hitan'ilay Laboratoara nandritra ny fitiliana fa:
241. The Great Cannon is co-located with the Great Firewall.1. Toerana iray ihany no misy ny Great Firewall sy ny Great Cannon.
252. The Great Firewall and Great Cannon have the same type of TTL side-channel, suggesting that they share some source code.2. Fantsona -an'ila TTL iray karazana ihany ny an'ny Great Firewall sy ny Great Cannon, manambara izany fa ifampizaràn-dry zareo ny “code” fiaingàna sasantsasany.
263. Supplementary to the Great Firewall, the design of the Great Cannon allows it to censor any traffic not already censorable by the Great Firewall.3. Mifameno amin'ny Great Firewall, ny namolavolàna ny Great Cannon dia ahafahany manivana ireo fifamoivoizana izay tsy mbola voasivanin'ny Great Firewall.
27It's role is to inject traffic to a specific target, not to censor traffic.Ny andraikiny dia ny mampiditra fifamoivoizana mankany amin'ny lasibatra iray manokana, fa tsy manao sivana ny fifamoivoizana.
284. The Great Cannon targets Great Fire, which has been referred to by the Chinese authorities as a “foreign anti-Chinese organization”.4. Great Fire no kendren'ny Great Cannon, izay lazain'ireo manampahefana Shinoa ho “fikambanana vahiny manohitra ny Shinoa”.
29The report further pointed out that the launch of the Great Cannon would require the approval of high-level authorities within the Chinese government:Nanamafy koa ny tatitra manaraka izany, fa toa nitaky ny fankatoavan'ny manampahefana ambony teo anivon'ny governemanta Shinoa ny fanombohan'ny fampandehanana ny Great Cannon:
30Deploying the Great Cannon is a major shift in tactics, and has a highly visible impact.Fiovana tena goavana teo amin'ny paikady ary tena nahitam-bokatra azo tsapain-tanana tokoa ny fampiasana ny Great Cannon.
31It is likely that this attack, with its potential for political backlash, would require the approval of high-level authorities within the Chinese government.Azo ampoizina fa ity fanafihana ity, sy izay mety ho fiantraikany ara-politika, no tokony tsy maintsy nilàna fankatoavana avy amin'ireo manampahefana ambony eo anivon'ny governemanta Shinoa.
32These authorities may include the State Internet Information Office (SIIO), which is responsible for Internet censorship.Mety ho an'isan'ireto manampahefana ireto ny Biraom-panjakana momba ny Filazam-baovao amin'ny Aterineto (SIIO), izay miandraikitra ny Sivana eo amin'ny Aterineto.
33It is also possible that the top body for cybersecurity coordination in China, the Cybersecurity and Informatization Leading Group (CILG), would have been involved.Azo heverina ihany koa ny fandraisan'anjaran'ny Rantsamangaika ambony misahana ny Fandrindràna ny Fandriampahalemana an-tserasera ao Shina, ny Vondrona CILG - lohalaharana amin'ny Fandriampahalemana an-tserasera sy ny Fidirana amin'ny Niomerika (CILG) - tao anatin'izany.
34The CILG is chaired by Xi Jinping and includes as members senior leaders from across the government; its administrative office is housed within the SIIO.Xi Jinping no filohan'i CILG ary ireo Zokiolona mpitari-tolona avy tamin'ny Governemanta no mpikambana ao anatiny; ny Biraon'ny Fitantanan-draharahany dia mitoetra ao anatin'ny SIIO ihany.