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1 | Civil Service Under Pressure in Francophone Africa | Afrika Frankôfôna: Ny Ivotoeram-Piofanam-Pitantanam-Panjakana |
2 | Civil servants in Francophone Africa are coming under increasing pressure to improve efficiency and to do more with less. | Tamin'ny volana Febroary 2001, lany nandritra ny fivoriambe tany Windhoek, ao Namibia ny Sata Mifehy ny Asam-panjakana ao Afrika (PDF). |
3 | In February 2001, the Charter for the Public Service in Africa (PDF) was adopted during the Third Pan-African Conference of Public Service Ministers. | Efa-polo taona taorian'ny fahaleovantena, mampiseho ny fahataran'ny fanomezan-danja ny fitantanam-panjakana momba ny fampandrosoana sy ny fitsinjaran-karena ao Afrika ny fanambarana nivoaka tao Windhoek. |
4 | Forty years after independence, the Windhoek Declaration revealed the overdue recognition of the crucial impact of the public administration on growth and redistribution of wealth in Africa. | Nampisy fihenana ny isan'ny mpiasam-panjakana afrikanina ny fandaharan'asa momba ny fanitsiana ara-drafitra tamin'ny taompolo 80. Misy hatrany ny fanerena amin'ireo kandidà ho amin'ny asam-panjakana: mahomby, miasa tsara. |
5 | The structural adjustment programmes of the 1980s led to a reduction in the number of civil servants in African public administration, which has led to the current strained situation for students still vying to serve in public offices. | |
6 | Civil service training objectives | Ireo tanjona amin'ny fampianarana momba ny asam-panjakana |
7 | Listed below are just a few of the objectives of their mission (PDF): | Andao hotsiahivina ny «sasany» momba ny andraikitr'izy ireo (PDF) : |
8 | Conference on Culture, Gender and Society at Benin ENA, 2007. | Konferansa tao Cotonou. |
9 | Photo from Wikipedia (Creative Commons) | Sary: Wikipédia (licence Creative Commons) |
10 | Where are the National Schools of Administration (abbreviated as ENA in French) in Francophone Africa? | Aiza ho aiza moa ny sekolim-panofanana mpiasam-panjakana ambony ao Afrika frankofôna? |
11 | Unlike the Anglophone system, the training of civil servants in Francophone Africa is the state's responsibility, following the model of the former colonial power France. | Ny tsy itovizany amin'ny rafitra mpiteny anglisy, eo ambanin'ny fifehezan'ny fitondrana mivantana ny fampianarana ireo mpiasam-panjakana ambony ao Afrika frankofona, manaraka ny fomban'ny mpanjanaka taloha. |
12 | Some schools, such as the ENAs of Benin, Cameroon, Mali, Mauritania and Togo, the Gabon Institute of Economics and Finance and the National School of Administration and Judiciary of Madagascar, are members of the dynamic International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration (IASIA). | Misy ny sekoly sasany, tahaka ny ENAM - Bénin, ENAM-Kamerona-Sekoly Ambony mampiofana momba ny Toekarena sy ny Tetibola-Gabon, ENAM-Madagasikara, ENA-Mali, ENA- Maoritania sy ENA- Togo no anisan'ny mpikambana mavitrika ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisampirenena Ivondronan'ny Sekoly sy Toeram-pampianarana ambony momba ny Fitantanana (Association Internationale des Ecoles et des Instituts d'Administration) (AIEIA). |
13 | The founding body of this association is the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS). | Ny Sekoly Iraisampirenena momba ny Fitantanan-draharaham-Panjakana no nanangana ny fikambanana. |
14 | Ten other schools, including those of Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Niger appear on the website of African Civil Services Observatory (OFPA), which states its aim as “sharing of experiences restructuring the Africa civil service”. | Sekoly folo hafa, toy ny ao Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire sy Nizera no hita ao amin'ny Seha-panaraha-maso ny Asam-panjakana Afrikana [Observatoire des Fonctions Publiques Africaines] (OFPA), izay manana tanjona « fifampizaràna fizàran-draharaham-panjakana ». |
15 | The site specified [fr] the nature of these aims: | Manasongadina ny andraikiny ny ivon-toerana: |
16 | Information gathering, understanding shared problems, identification of regional programmes and involvement in studies and research are our principal missions.. | Fanangonam-baovao, fijerena ireo olana iombonana, famantarana ireo fandaharan'asa rezionaly sy ny firotsahana amin'ny seha-pandalinana sy fikarohana no asanay amin'ny ankapobeny. |
17 | Some people believe this sharing of experiences to be essential. | Ho an'ny sasany, tena zava-dehibe izany fifampizaràna traikefa izany. |
18 | Wise Doh, a Ghanian student at the ENA explained [fr]: | Wise Doh, mpianatra Ganeana ao ENA, nanazava hoe: |
19 | I must help my country using the French methods to make it less isolated within the Cedeao (Economic Community of West African States). | Tsy maintsy manampy ny fireneko amin'ny fanao frantsay aho mba tsy hitoka-monina be loatra ao anatin'ny Cedeao [Fikambanana Ara-toekarena Ivondronan'ireo Firenena ao Afrika Andrefana]. |
20 | We are surrounded by ex French colonies: Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Togo. | Voahodidina firenena nozanahana frantsay taloha izahay: Burkina, Côte d'Ivoire, Togo. |
21 | But, because of our Anglo Saxon identity, we don't have enough influence [in the region]. | Noho ny maha-firenena miteny anglisy antsika, dia tsy mahatsindry lenta loatra isika anatin'izany. |
22 | Difficulties encountered during public administration training | Ireo olana hita amin'ny fampiofanana fitantanam-panjakana |
23 | Each class has an average of 100 graduates, with all levels lumped together. | Zato eo ho eo amin'ny ankapobeny ny andiam-pianatra miara-mahazo diplaoma, hita ao avokoa ny grady rehetra. |
24 | At the start of the 2012 school year, there were only 82 admissions out of 10,262 candidates [fr], as highlighted by the ENA in Mali. | Ny sekoly sasany, tahaka ny any Mali, nilaza fa kandidà 82 no afaka tamin'ireo mpiadina 10262 tamin'ny fidirana tamin'ity taona 2012 ity. |
25 | However, these figures mask the general decline in the number of civil servants, with many having left the service over the past few decades. A decline reinforced by liberal movements who have criticised the invasive role of the state and the expenses linked to its activities. | Manakona ny fidinan'ny haavom-pahaizan'ny mpiasam-panjakana nivoaka am-polony taona izany tarehimarika izany, fijotsoana nohamafisin'ny hetsika liberaly, hetsika manome tsiny ny anjara toerana mibahana be loatra ataon'ny fanjakana sy ny fandaniana mifandraika amin'izany. |
26 | Following successive budgetary cuts, civil service jobs have lost their shine in contrast with the professions, engineering or business management, jobs which are more conducive to staff fulfilment. | Noho ny fampihenana ny fandaniam-bolam-panjakana mifanesisesy, namasoka ny asam-panjakana izany nefa mifanohitra amin'izany kosa dia nampisy fihatsaràny tamin'ny asa tena, ny injenieria sy ny fitantanan-draharaha « mamelo-tena » izany. |
27 | In an instructive exposé on the challenges for public administration training institutions in Africa, Professor Jacques Mariel Nzouankeu of Senegal underlined that [fr]: | Nandritra ny velan-kevitra nataon'ny Pr Jacques Mariel Nzouankeu avy ao Senegaly niompana amin'ny fanamby miandry ny rafi-piofanam-panjakana eto Afrika no nanipihany hoe: |
28 | The decline is not solely due to a hostile economic climate (the oil crises of '71 and '79, the structural adjustment programme of the 1980's), but also to a lack of vision and agility of the national authorities when faced with the new requirements of a world with a less pyramidal structure, speedier and better integrated. | Tsy noho ny olana ara-toekarena ihany no nahatonga ny fijotsoana (krizin'ny solika 71 sy 79, ny fanitsiana ara-drafitry ny taom-polo 80), fa noho ny tsy fisian'ny vina sy ny fahakingan'ny mpitondra ao an-toerana manoloana ireo filàna vaovaon'izao tontolo izao, mailaka sy tafiditra kokoa. |
29 | Regarding this, the general training designed to strengthen political vision and the training of senior civil servants was neglected in favour of economic training, considered better adapted to the challenges posed by recession. | Noho izany, navela hosoloina fampianarana ara-toekarena, mifandraika kokoa amin'ny fanamby apetraky ny fijotsoana maharitra ny fahalalàna ankapobeny natao hanamafisana ny vina politika sy ny fahaizana mitantana ireo mpiasa-panjakana ambony. |
30 | Therefore school ended up training economic experts instead of development professionals. | Manampahaizana momba ny toe-karena kokoa noho izany no nofanina fa tsy matihanin'ny fampandrosoana. |
31 | According to him, another error was that [fr]: | Fahadisoana hafa, araka ny filazan'i Jacques Nzouankeu : |
32 | the authorities have not shown much interest in the new structures of the “Office Organisation Methods”, the methods inherited from American public management should have been better adapted to the administrative reforms to come. | Tsy nomen'ny fitondrana lanjany loatra ny rafitra vaovaon'ny « Biraon'ny Fomba Fiasa» ( Bureau Organisation Méthodes = BOM), izay ny fomba fiasa nolovaina tamin'ny fomba fitantanam-panjakana Amerikana no mifanaraka kokoa amin'ny fanovana rafi-panjakana rahatrizay. |
33 | The dominant model of today remains that of the French ENA and many of the most ambitious Francophone African students apply for the annual entry examination at the Strasbourg based institute. | Ankehitriny, ny modely ENA frantsay no tena manjaka ary ny kandidà afrikanina miteny frantsay tena manan-kambo no mirotsaka amin'ity ambaratongam-pampianarana iraisam-pirenena miorina ao Strasbourg ity. |
34 | However, this option is only available for a limited number of African students. | Voafetra ihany anefa ny mpianatra afrikanina miditra ao. |
35 | From 1949 to 2008, 747 African students from 32 pays were accepted by the ENA [fr], which works out at just under 13 students per year. | Tamin'ny taona 1949 hatramin'ny 2008, mpianatra afrikanina 747 aminà firenena 32 no nandalo nianatra tao amin'ny ENA frantsay, eo amin'ny mpianatra 13 latsaka isan-taona eo. |
36 | The representation of Sub-Saharan countries is even worse, with 56 students from Cameroon and about thirty for Senegal and Mauritania over the same period. | Vitsy dia vitsy ny solontena avy amin'ny firenena Afrikana atsimon'i Sahara : 56 ho an'i Kamerona, eo amin'ny telopolo eo ho an'i Sénégaly, tahaka izany koa ny ao Maoritania. |
37 | The French ENAs, training the elite, benefit from special means compared with their African counterparts. In 2011, the French ENAs had an operational budget of 423 million Euros [fr], 85% subsidized by the state. | Tsy misy azo anoharana ity ENA frantsay, fampianarana avo lenta ity tokoa, amin'ireo sekoly afrikana mitovitovy anarana aminy: tamin'ny 2011, tetibola fampandehanana 42,3 tapitrisa euro no teo am-pelantanan'ny sekoly, tohanan'ny fanjakana hatramin'ny 85%. |
38 | The challenge for the African ENAs is considerable. | |
39 | They must teach efficiency by example and merge schools by speciality to achieve better economies of scale at inter-regional level. They must introduce strategic management tools in the programmes, linking to theory by training in a real environment. | Goavana ny fanamby miandry ny ENA afrikanina: mampianatra ny fahakingana ohatra, amin'ny fanambàrana ny sekoly araka ny sokajin'asa, mba ahafahana manao tahiry bebe kokoa eo anivon'ny faritra; mampiditra ny fitaovam-pitantanana stratezika ao amin'ny programa; mampifanakaiky ny teoria sy ny eny amin'ny toeram-piasana ka anaovana fiofanana hatrany ny eny tontolo tena iasana. |
40 | They must do all of this with reduced means of financing. | Izany rehetra izany ao anatin'ny tetibola mifintina. |
41 | The difficulties do not stop there. The quality of public administration training is a necessary for development but is not enough to guarantee a successful one. | Tsy mijanona eo ny fahasarotana: fepetra fototra ilaina ho fampandrosoana ny kalitaon'ny fiofanana fitantanam-panjakana saingy tsy ampy hiantohana ho amin'izany. |
42 | Other factors must be in play: peer pressure, reaching critical mass for well trained civil servants, a dynamic dialogue with citizens and, most of all, an unwavering political will at the highest reaches of government. | Tsy maintsy ampidirina ihany koa ny fepetra hafa: ny faneren'ny mpiara-miasa, ny fahatratraran'isan'ny mpiasam-panjakana tsara ofana, fifampiresahana mavitrika amin'ny fiarahamonim-pirenena ary indrindra ny finiavana politikan'ny mpitondra ambony. |
43 | All of these are requirements for development that cannot just be taught at any ENA courses. | Finiavana tsy mba ampianarina eny amin'ny ENA. |