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1Africa: ICTs for Refugees and Displaced PersonsÁfrica: TICs para Refugiados e Pessoas Deslocadas
2This post is part of our special coverage on Refugees. In recent weeks Global Voices has presented to its readers more examples of how citizen media is used to amplify the voices of refugees and displaced people.Nas últimas semanas, o Global Voices apresentou aos seus leitores mais exemplos de como a mídia cidadã é utilizada para amplificar as vozes de refugiados e pessoas deslocadas [en].
3However, while blogs and social networking sites clearly have a role to play in empowering marginalized groups, so too do ICTs in general.No entanto, enquanto blogs e redes sociais têm um claro papel a cumprir no empoderamento de grupos marginalizados, também o possuem as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) em geral.
4MobileActive, for example, is encouraged by the potential for mobile phones to allow refugees to not only remain in contact with loved ones, but to also more easily locate them.A MobileActive, por exemplo, é estimulada pelo potencial da telefonia móvel [en] para permitir que refugiados não apenas mantenham-se em contato com seus entes queridos, mas também para localizá-los com mais facilidade.
5Attention is especially drawn to a special issue of Forced Migration Review which takes an in-depth look at the use of ICTs in this context.A atenção é direcionada para a edição especial da revista Forced Migration Review [en], na qual o uso de TICs neste contexto é observado com profundidade.
6Refugees in Uganda are using SMS and cellphones to reconnect with family members and close friends.Refugiados em Uganda estão usando SMS e celulares para reencontrar familiares e amigos próximos.
7Photo via MobileActiveFoto via MobileActive
8Refugees often experience a compound trauma: The situation that caused them to flee in the first place, as well as the fact that many families become separated during migration.
9For refugee's health and well-being and ability to resettle, it is vital to know the whereabouts of relatives, their safety, and their ability to remain in contact.
10Today, mobile phones are the most important technology for refugees to find relatives and remain in contact.
11The Forced Migration Review Issue 38, The Technology Issue covers technologies for refugees in particular.O número 38 da Forced Migration Review, edição Tecnologia, aborda tecnologias para refugiados em particular.
12Two chapters shine a light on the use of mobile phones among refugees, as well as some of the problems with this tech to find and contact family member such as issues of security, and accessibility.
13Deputy UN High Commissioner for Refugees T Alexander Aleinikoff provides an introduction to the special issue: Superficially at least, today's refugee camps do not appear significantly different from those that existed 30 or 40 years ago.Dois capítulos lançam luz no uso da telefonia celular nesses grupos, assim como em alguns problemas dessa tecnologia para encontrar e contatar familiares como uma questão de segurança e acessibilidade.
14Modernisation seems to have passed them by.O Alto-comissário adjunto da ONU para Refugiados T.
15But upon a closer look, it becomes apparent that things are changing.Alexander Aleinikoff proveu uma introdução para esta edição especial [en]:
16Today, refugees and IDPs in the poorest of countries often have access to a mobile phone and are able to watch satellite TV.
17Internet cafés have sprung up in some settlements, the hardware purchased by refugee entrepreneurs or donated by humanitarian organisations such as UNHCR.Hoje, refugiados e pessoas deslocadas internamente (IDPs) nos países mais pobres frequentemente têm acesso à telefonia móvelr e TV a cabo.
18And aid agencies themselves are increasingly making use of advanced technology: geographic information systems, Skype, biometric databases and Google Earth, to give just a few examples.Lan-houses têm-se disseminado em alguns campos de refugiados - os equipamentos são adquiridos por empreendedores refugiados ou doados por organizações humanitárias como a Comissão Humanitária das Nações Unidas para Refugiados.
19In one article, the example of a tracing project implemented by the Refugee Consortium of Kenya (RCK) in cooperation with Refugees United (RU) is highlighted:As próprias agências de ajuda estão aumentando o uso de tecnologias avançadas como sistemas de informação geográfica, Skype, bancos de dados biométricos e Google Earth, para dar apenas alguns exemplos.
20In 1991 Ahmed Hassan Osman* fled the conflict in Somalia, leaving his family in Kismayu, and made his way to Kenya in search of asylum.Em um artigo, o exemplo de rastreamento de pessoas implementado pelo Refugee Consortium of Kenya (RCK) em cooperação com o Refugees United (RU) é ressaltado [en]:
21Ahmed lived for a while in Ifo refugee camp before being resettled to Colorado in the US where he was granted full US citizenship.
22In 1992, his cousin Abdulahi Sheikh arrived in Kenya in search of support.Em 1992, seu primo Abdulahi Sheikh chegou ao Quênia em busca de apoio.
23Granted refugee status, Abdulahi ended up in Dagahaley camp in Dadaab.Com o status de refugiado garantido, Abdulahi acabou indo para o campo de refugiados de Dagahaley, em Dadaad.
24He believed Ahmed was either in Dadaab or had been there but his efforts to find him were unsuccessful and he soon gave up hope of ever finding him.Ele acreditou que Ahmed estava ou esteve nesse mesmo campo de refugiados, mas seus esforços para encontrá-lo não tiveram sucesso e ele perdeu as esperanças de encontrá-lo logo.
25In fact, Abdulahi believed Ahmed had gone back to Somalia.Na verdade, Abdulahi acreditava que Ahmed havia retornado à Somália.
26In early 2011 RCK employed Abdulahi to assist the RU project in Dagahaley refugee camp.No início de 2011, o Refugee Consortium do Quênia contratou Abdulahi para apoiar o projeto Refugee United no campo de refugiados de Dagahaley.
27Abdulahi registered with the tracing project and began a search for missing loved ones.Abdulahi registrou com o projeto de rastreamento e começou a procurar por seus entes queridos desaparecidos.
28Coming across a name that was familiar, he contacted the person through the RU message system.Reconhecendo um nome que lhe era familiar, ele contactava a pessoa através do sistema de mensagens da RU.
29When he received a reply he realised that, after 20 years of separation and search, he had found his beloved cousin.Quando ele recebeu a resposta, confirmou que, após 20 anos de separação e procura, ele havia encontrado seu primo querido.
30They exchanged phone numbers and Ahmed called, breaking 20 years of silence.Eles trocaram seus números de telefone, e Ahmed ligou, quebrando 20 anos de silêncio.
31Today, the two keep in touch regularly and both Abdulahi and Ahmed continue to search for more friends and family members.Hoje, os dois se mantêm em contato regulrmente e tanto Abdulahi quanto Ahmed continuam a procurar por mais amigos e familiares.
32Of course, as MobileActive also stresses, some problems with local infrastructure remain an obstacle to the widespread adoption of such systems: In some areas of Africa, there is no telecommunications coverage.Como a MobileActive enfatiza, é claro que alguns problemas com a infraestrutura local continuam a ser um obstáculo para a adoção em larga escala de sistemas como esse:
33Workshop participants commented that where it does exist, phone connections are regularly cut off, and some of them had also experienced intrusion in communication such as crossed lines.
34The strength of the network signal overseas is weak, and the lack of a reliable or steady source of electricity in a recipient's country can be a major problem, although this varies by region.
35Growth of populations in some areas weakens network strength, due to the drain on power. Individuals may also have difficulty accessing electricity to charge their mobile phones. […]Opções mais baratas como email, falar através da internet ou mensagens instantâneas podem não ser acessíveis ou baratas, e a conexão de internet na África é muito cara.
36Finding the best technology to use for different family members can be difficult, particularly if they themselves are displaced, because of factors such as the variety of available services, whether the family member could afford them and whether they have the skills to use them.
37One participant observed that the majority of their family members overseas needed to access communication technology through others.Além disso, membros de famílias deslocadas no exterior talvez não saibam como usar essas facilidades.
38One participant described the difficulties she had in contacting her husband in a camp. She sent money to him to buy a phone but other people in the camp would also use it leaving her often waiting for hours to get in touch.Fornecendo aos refugiados o acesso a informações sobre saúde e oportunidades educacionais para usar o Facebook, Gmail e Skype para manter ligações com seus familiares e amigos em todo o território, esta edição da Forced Migration Review fornece uma visão abrangente de como as TICs estão utilizadas.
39Cheap options such as email, voice-over-internet or instant messaging may not be accessible or affordable, and access to the internet in Africa is very expensive.O projeto Ushahidi também foi mencionado em relação ao terremoto que ocorreu no Haiti em 2010, assim como em tantos outros fatos que incluam conflitos, desastres e refugiados.
40Furthermore, displaced family members overseas may not know how to use these facilities.
41From providing refugees with access to information on health and educational opportunities to using Facebook, Gmail Chat and Skype to maintain connections with family members and friends across geographical divides, the issue provides a comprehensive overview of how ICTs are being used.
42Ushahidi also gets a mention in relation to the 2010 earthquake in Haiti as well as in general as it pertains to conflict, disaster and refugees.Na verdade, PBS'Idea Lab observa as colaborações da Al Jazeera e Ushahidi para conectar e capacitar somalianos separados por causa de conflitos ou fome:
43Indeed, PBS' Idea Lab takes a look at an Al Jazeera and Ushahidi collaboration to connect and empower Somalis separated by conflict and famine:O Somalia Speaks é uma colaboração entre Souktel, um organização baseada na Palestina que fornece serviço de mensagens SMS, Ushahidi, Al Jazeera, Crowdflower e African Diaspora Institute.
44Somalia Speaks is a collaboration between Souktel, a Palestinian-based organization providing SMS messaging services, Ushahidi, Al Jazeera, Crowdflower, and the African Diaspora Institute.“Queríamos descobrir a perspectiva de cidadãos somalianos normais que nos contasse como a crise os afetaram e a diáspora somaliana”, disse Soud Al Jazeera Hyder em uma entrevista.
45“We wanted to find out the perspective of normal Somali citizens to tell us how the crisis has affected them and the Somali diaspora,” Al Jazeera's Soud Hyder said in an interview.[…] O objetivo da Somalia Speaks é agregar vozes inaudíveis dentro da região, bem como da diáspora somaliana perguntando via mensagem de texto: Como é que o conflito afetou sua vida?
46The goal of Somalia Speaks is to aggregate unheard voices from inside the region as well as from the Somalia diaspora by asking via text message: How has the Somalia Conflict affected your life?
47Responses are translated into English and plotted on a map.As respostas são traduzidas para ingliês e postada em um mapa.
48Since the launch, approximately 3,000 SMS messages have been received.Desde o lançamento do projeto, foram recebidas cercade 3.000 SMS.
49For Al Jazeera, Somalia Speaks is also a chance to test innovative mobile approaches to citizen media and news gathering.[…] Para a Al Jazeera, Somalia Speaks também é uma chance de testar abordagens inovadoras para a mídia cidadã e para captação de notícias.
50In October 2010, MobileActive also profiled a mobile-based project implemented by Refugees United in Uganda with the support of Ericsson, UNHCR and the Omidyar Network, noting that one blog called it “the social network that is more important than Facebook.”Em outubro de 2010, a MobileActive também criou uma base móvel do projeto implementado pela Refugees United em Uganda com a apoio da Ericsson, o ACNUHR e o Omidyar Network, observando que um blog os haviam chamado de “a rede social que é mais importante do Facebook”.
51The Technology Issue by Forced Migration Review can be read online here.A edição “A tecnologia” da Forced Migration Review pode ser lida online aqui.